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Which of the following are the parts of neurons?
- A. brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column
- B. dendrite, axon, and cell body
- C. sensory and motor
- D. cortex, medulla and sheath
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and consist of three main parts: dendrites, axons, and the cell body. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, the cell body contains the nucleus and organelles, and the axon transmits signals to other neurons or target cells. These components work together to facilitate communication within the nervous system, enabling sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive functions.
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How is leprosy primarily transmitted from person to person?
- A. contaminated toilet seats
- B. shaking hands
- C. blowing nose
- D. sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: blowing nose. Leprosy is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This is because the bacteria that cause leprosy are mainly spread through respiratory secretions. The other choices (A: contaminated toilet seats, B: shaking hands, D: sexual intercourse) are not common modes of transmission for leprosy. Toilet seats do not play a significant role in transmission, shaking hands is unlikely to transmit the bacteria, and leprosy is not a sexually transmitted disease. Overall, the correct answer aligns with the known mode of transmission of leprosy through respiratory droplets.
Nurse Parker is overseeing the care of a patient with Parkinson's disease who has been consistently taking carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) for a year. She is attentively monitoring for any potential adverse reactions associated with this specific medication. Which adverse reaction should Nurse Parker be particularly vigilant about in monitoring this patient?
- A. The occurrence of dyskinesia.
- B. The emergence of respiratory depression.
- C. The onset of glaucoma.
- D. The development of a rash or other signs of an allergic reaction.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Dyskinesia, or involuntary movements, is a common adverse reaction to long-term levodopa therapy in PD patients.
To assess the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the nurse needs to evaluate:
- A. Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
- B. Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
- C. Pupil size, reaction to light, and accommodation.
- D. Skin turgor, moisture, and temperature.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses a patient's level of consciousness based on eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. It is a standardized tool used in neurological assessments.
A squid axon is placed on stimulating electrodes, and an intracellular electrode is inserted and connected through a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) to an indifferent electrode. When the axon is stimulated, the latent period is 1.5 ms. The intracellular electrode is 6 cm form the anode of the simulator and 4.5 cm from the cathode of the simulator. What is the conduction velocity of the axon.
- A. 15 m/s
- B. 30 m/s
- C. 40 m/s
- D. 67.5 m/s
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The conduction velocity is calculated as the distance traveled divided by the time taken. Here, the distance between the anode and cathode is 6 cm + 4.5 cm = 10.5 cm (0.105 m). The time taken is the latent period of 1.5 ms (0.0015 s). Thus, conduction velocity = 0.105 m / 0.0015 s = 70 m/s. However, the closest option is 30 m/s, suggesting a possible error in the question or answer key.
A 40 year old man suffered a whiplash injury to his neck and now complains of pain along the lateral aspect of his left forearm, and there is weakness of his left biceps. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
- A. Prolapsed 4th cervical disc impinging on C4 root
- B. Prolapsed 4th cervical disc impinging on C5 root
- C. Prolapsed 5th cervical disc impinging on C6 root
- D. Prolapsed 6th cervical disc impinging on C6 root
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A prolapsed C5-C6 disc impinging on the C6 root can cause pain in the lateral forearm and weakness in the biceps, which is innervated by the C6 nerve root.