Nokea
How is leprosy primarily transmitted from person to person?
- A. contaminated toilet seats
- B. shaking hands
- C. blowing nose
- D. sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: blowing nose. Leprosy is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This is because the bacteria that cause leprosy are mainly spread through respiratory secretions. The other choices (A: contaminated toilet seats, B: shaking hands, D: sexual intercourse) are not common modes of transmission for leprosy. Toilet seats do not play a significant role in transmission, shaking hands is unlikely to transmit the bacteria, and leprosy is not a sexually transmitted disease. Overall, the correct answer aligns with the known mode of transmission of leprosy through respiratory droplets.
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Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH):
- A. is synthesized by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
- B. is released by neurosecretion
- C. its secretion is increased by a low plasma osmolarity
- D. increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary via neurosecretion. Its secretion is increased by high plasma osmolarity or low blood volume. ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water.
To assess the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the nurse needs to evaluate:
- A. Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
- B. Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature.
- C. Pupil size, reaction to light, and accommodation.
- D. Skin turgor, moisture, and temperature.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses a patient's level of consciousness based on eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. It is a standardized tool used in neurological assessments.
Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?
- A. preganglionic parasympathetic
- B. preganglionic sympathetic
- C. postganglionic parasympathetic
- D. postganglionic sympathetic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: preganglionic parasympathetic. Preganglionic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system, with parasympathetic fibers generally having longer preganglionic fibers compared to sympathetic fibers. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord, allowing them to travel longer distances to reach their ganglia. In contrast, sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, resulting in shorter lengths compared to parasympathetic fibers. Therefore, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are considered the longest among the given choices. Postganglionic fibers, whether parasympathetic or sympathetic, are shorter as they only need to travel to their target organs from the ganglia.
Summary:
- A: Correct, as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the longest in the autonomic nervous system
During assessment of a patient with dementia, the nurse determines that the condition is potentially reversible when finding out what about the patient?
- A. Has long-standing abuse of alcohol
- B. Has a history of Parkinson's disease
- C. Recently developed symptoms of hypothyroidism
- D. Was infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 10 years ago
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypothyroidism can cause reversible cognitive impairment
An important nursing intervention for the patient with ankylosing spondylitis is to teach the patient to do what?
- A. Wear roomy shoes with good orthotic support.
- B. Sleep on the side with the knees and hips flexed.
- C. Keep the spine slightly flexed while sitting, standing, or walking.
- D. Perform back, neck, and chest stretches and deep-breathing exercises.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stretching exercises maintain flexibility.