Identify functions of calcium within the body.
- A. Clotting
- B. Hardens bone
- C. Nerve conduction and muscle contraction
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because calcium plays essential roles in clotting, bone health, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction. Calcium is crucial for the coagulation cascade in clotting, is a key component of bone mineralization, is required for neurotransmitter release in nerve conduction, and is involved in muscle contraction by regulating the interactions between actin and myosin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because they only represent some of the functions of calcium, whereas choice D encompasses all the vital functions of calcium in the body.
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Ingestion takes place in the?
- A. Stomach
- B. Small intestine
- C. Mouth
- D. Large intestine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mouth. Ingestion is the process of taking food or liquid into the body through the mouth. The mouth is responsible for chewing and breaking down food into smaller pieces, mixing it with saliva to start the digestion process. The stomach (A), small intestine (B), and large intestine (D) are not where ingestion takes place; they are involved in further digestion, absorption, and processing of nutrients. The mouth is the initial site of digestion and the starting point of the digestive process.
The nurse reviews the function of thyroid gland hormones. What is the primary function of calcitonin?
- A. Sodium and potassium balance
- B. Magnesium balance
- C. Norepinephrine balance
- D. Calcium and phosphorus balance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of calcitonin is to regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. Calcitonin works to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. This helps maintain the overall balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the known function of calcitonin. Sodium and potassium balance, magnesium balance, and norepinephrine balance are not directly influenced by calcitonin.
Which if the following gland which can be classified as an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
- A. Thyroid.
- B. Thymus.
- C. Pancreas.
- D. Pituitary.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine function) into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels, while also producing digestive enzymes (exocrine function) that are released into the small intestine to aid in digestion. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Thyroid - primarily an endocrine gland that produces hormones like thyroxine.
B: Thymus - strictly an endocrine gland responsible for T-cell development.
D: Pituitary - also an endocrine gland that controls various other endocrine glands in the body.
Which two elements react together to form an ionic compound?
- A. R and T
- B. T and X
- C. X and Z
- D. Z and R
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, X and Z. Ionic compounds are formed when a metal (X) reacts with a nonmetal (Z) by transferring electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration. Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positively charged cations, while nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged anions. In this case, X (metal) and Z (nonmetal) will react to form an ionic compound through electron transfer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not involve a metal-nonmetal combination, which is essential for the formation of an ionic compound.
Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is correctly matched to its description?
- A. polyuria - excessive thirst
- B. polyphagia - excessive ketones in the blood
- C. polydipsia - excessive urine
- D. glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar levels lead to glucose spilling into the urine, causing glycosuria. Polyuria (excessive urine) is due to the kidneys trying to eliminate the excess glucose. Polyphagia (excessive hunger) results from cells not receiving enough glucose for energy. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) occurs as a result of dehydration from polyuria. Choice D is correct as it directly relates to the presence of sugar in the urine, a hallmark symptom of diabetes mellitus.