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In a client who has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, CD4+ levels are measured to determine the:
- A. Presence of opportunistic infections
- B. Extent of immune system damage
- C. Level of the viral load
- D. Resistance to antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: CD4+ T cells are a type of white blood cell that plays an essential role in coordinating the immune system's response to infections. In individuals with HIV infection, the virus specifically targets and destroys CD4+ T cells. Therefore, measuring CD4+ levels provides valuable information about the extent of damage to the immune system caused by HIV. Monitoring CD4+ levels helps in assessing the progression of the disease and determining when to initiate antiretroviral therapy to prevent opportunistic infections. Additionally, CD4+ levels are used to determine the prognosis and guide treatment decisions in individuals with HIV.
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A 2-year-old male child has an asymptomatic right flank mass discovered incidentally by the mother while bathing. Suspicion of Wilms tumor is raised. Of the following, the LEAST likely investigation to be performed in this child is
- A. plain abdominal radiography
- B. computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen
- C. CT scan of the chest
- D. biopsy of the mass
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Biopsy is generally avoided in suspected Wilms tumor to prevent upstaging the disease.
minutes after birth the normal heart rate of the infant may range between:
- A. 100 and 180
- B. 130 and 170
- C. 120 and 160
- D. 100 and 130
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The normal heart rate of a newborn infant is typically between 120 and 160 beats per minute within the first minutes after birth. This range is considered normal for a healthy newborn and reflects the development of the infant's cardiovascular system. It is important to monitor the newborn's heart rate closely in the immediate post-birth period to ensure that it remains within this normal range. Any deviations from this range may indicate a need for further evaluation and intervention.
Which of the following is one of the discharge criteria from ambulatory surgery for patients following surgery?
- A. Able to drive self home
- B. IV narcotics given less than 30 minutes
- C. Has home telephone before discharge
- D. Understands discharge instructions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Understanding discharge instructions is one of the key criteria for discharging patients following surgery in an ambulatory setting. It ensures that the patient comprehends how to care for themselves post-surgery and reduces the risk of complications or the need for readmission. While the other options may also be important factors, having a clear understanding of discharge instructions is crucial for the patient's recovery and overall well-being.
Which of the ff is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because the older clients lack balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts is because older clients have a faster progression of the disease. As a person ages, their immune system tends to weaken, making them more vulnerable to infections and complications from diseases like AIDS. Older individuals may have decreased immune function and lower resilience when combating HIV-related complications compared to younger clients. This faster disease progression necessitates more frequent monitoring, specialized care, and management strategies tailored to the specific needs of older patients with AIDS. Therefore, older clients with AIDS require more support, medical attention, and comprehensive care to address their complex health needs effectively.
Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is characterized by all the following EXCEPT
- A. thrombocytopenia
- B. microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- C. coagulopathy
- D. association with infantile hemangiomas
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is not typically associated with hemangiomas.