Nokea
In iron deficiency anaemia, the following is decreased:
- A. MCV (mean cell volume)
- B. ferritin
- C. MCH (mean cell haemoglobin)
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by decreased MCV (microcytic anemia), low ferritin (indicating low iron stores), and reduced MCH (hypochromic anemia). These changes reflect the impaired hemoglobin synthesis due to insufficient iron.
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Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are:
- A. myelinated
- B. unmyelinated
- C. sensory
- D. motor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Myelinated neurons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated neurons due to saltatory conduction, where the signal jumps between nodes of Ranvier. Sensory, motor, and cerebral neurons can be myelinated or unmyelinated, but myelination is the key factor for speed. Thus, A is the correct answer.
What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart?
- A. solitary tract
- B. vasomotor nerve
- C. vagus nerve
- D. cardiac accelerator nerve
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cardiac accelerator nerve. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart are part of the cardiac accelerator nerves, which increase heart rate and force of contraction. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: solitary tract - involved in transmitting sensory information related to taste and visceral sensations.
B: vasomotor nerve - regulates blood vessel tone and blood pressure.
C: vagus nerve - part of the parasympathetic nervous system and slows down heart rate and decreases force of contraction.
True statements about EOG (electro-oculogram) include:
- A. the EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in central retinal vein occlusion
- B. the light peak of EOG is abnormal in Best's disease
- C. the EOG light rise is produced by depolarization of the basal membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in retinal vein occlusion, the light peak is abnormal in Best's disease, and the light rise is due to RPE depolarization. All statements are true.
The diagnostic manual used by clinicians called DSM-IV-TR identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall. Dementia is one which is characterised by which of the following:
- A. The impairment of basic cognitive functions.
- B. The impairment of physical abilities.
- C. The impairment of memory.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dementia is a neurological syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is often accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Dementia can result from various causes, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injury, and it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and independence.
Which description is most characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA) when compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
- A. Not systemic or symmetric
- B. Rheumatoid factor (RF) positive
- C. Most commonly occurs in women
- D. Morning joint stiffness lasts one to several hours
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: OA is localized and asymmetric.