Nokea
The nigrostriatal pathway connects the _____ to the ______.
- A. substantia nigra ... thalamus
- B. substantia nigra ..... cortex
- C. substantia nigra.....striatum
- D. striatum.....substantia nigra
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nigrostriatal pathway is a major dopamine pathway that connects the substantia nigra to the striatum. It is critical for motor control, and its degeneration is associated with Parkinson's disease.
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The use of segments as a developmental strategy in vertebrates is evident in:
- A. the endoderm
- B. the axial skeleton, only
- C. the hindbrain, only
- D. both the axial skeleton and the hindbrain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Segmentation is a key developmental strategy in vertebrates, evident in structures like the axial skeleton (vertebrae) and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). This segmentation allows for the organized development of complex body plans and functional specialization along the antero-posterior axis.
The brain and spinal cord are the organs of the ________ .
- A. CNS
- B. PNS
- C. ANS
- D. CSF
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The brain and spinal cord are the primary organs of the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is responsible for processing and integrating information received from the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the PNS, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a protective fluid surrounding the CNS. Therefore, CNS is the correct answer as it directly refers to the brain and spinal cord.
An increase in PaCO2 leads to:
- A. hypertension
- B. increased adrenaline release
- C. increased sweating
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) causes hypertension, adrenaline release, and sweating due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These responses aim to restore normal CO2 levels.
Which description is most characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA) when compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
- A. Not systemic or symmetric
- B. Rheumatoid factor (RF) positive
- C. Most commonly occurs in women
- D. Morning joint stiffness lasts one to several hours
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: OA is localized and asymmetric.
Which of the following would the nurse assess first when Joe arrives in the emergency room?
- A. Movement of fingers
- B. Pain sensation in legs
- C. Respiratory rate
- D. Temperature sensation in arms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Respiratory function is prioritized in spinal injuries.