Nokea
The anal reflex mainly depends on which segment
- A. S1
- B. S2
- C. S3
- D. S4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The anal reflex tests the S3 and S4 nerve roots, which innervate the external anal sphincter. This reflex is important in assessing sacral nerve function.
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Apraxia involves an inability to undertake learned and purposeful activities such as dressing, cooking etc., and means that sufferers must rely increasingly on caregivers to help with these activities. Limb apraxia is a common symptom of left hemisphere damage and consists of a deficit in performing gestures to verbal command or imitation. One form of rehabilitation training for limb apraxia is:
- A. Gestural training.
- B. Mime training.
- C. Motor training.
- D. Replication training.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gestural training is a rehabilitation technique used to improve limb apraxia, a condition characterized by difficulty in performing purposeful movements. This training involves teaching individuals to recognize and execute appropriate gestures and postures, enhancing their ability to perform daily activities. By focusing on the coordination of movements and the context in which they are used, gestural training helps individuals regain functional independence and reduce reliance on caregivers.
Which of the following lifestyle factors is the strongest predictor of stroke risk?
- A. cigarette smoking
- B. alcohol consumption
- C. taking illicit drugs
- D. obesity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for stroke, as it contributes to the development of atherosclerosis (narrowing and hardening of arteries) and increases the likelihood of blood clots. Quitting smoking significantly reduces stroke risk.
Which of the following positions would be most comfortable for Mr. Tucker?
- A. Supine with head elevated 20-30° and knees flexed
- B. Prone with head turned to side and feet extending over mattress edge
- C. Flat on back with the bed gatched in the middle
- D. Supine with a hard thick pillow under the lumbar region
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This position reduces strain on the back muscles.
True statements about EOG (electro-oculogram) include:
- A. the EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in central retinal vein occlusion
- B. the light peak of EOG is abnormal in Best's disease
- C. the EOG light rise is produced by depolarization of the basal membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in retinal vein occlusion, the light peak is abnormal in Best's disease, and the light rise is due to RPE depolarization. All statements are true.
A client with a history of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is expecting her first child. What would be indicated for this client?
- A. Suggest reproductive counseling, as multiple sclerosis can be genetic.
- B. Instruct to expect a period of remission after delivery of the baby.
- C. Instruct to expect an exacerbation of symptoms while pregnant.
- D. Discuss pain control during labor, as contractions will be severe.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pregnancy often leads to a temporary remission of MS symptoms, but there is an increased risk of relapse postpartum. Reproductive counseling and pain management are important but secondary to understanding the disease course during pregnancy.