Nokea
In the colon, which is benign and has no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation?
- A. familial polyposis
- B. juvenile polyp
- C. villous adenoma
- D. carcinoid tumors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: juvenile polyp. Juvenile polyps are benign growths commonly found in the colon and rectum of children. They have no significant tendency to undergo malignant transformation due to their non-neoplastic nature. They are typically small, solitary, and have a smooth surface. Familial polyposis (choice A) is a hereditary condition characterized by numerous polyps in the colon, which can progress to colorectal cancer. Villous adenomas (choice C) are precancerous lesions with a higher risk of malignant transformation. Carcinoid tumors (choice D) are neuroendocrine tumors that can be found in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, and have the potential to be malignant.
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Which of these is most associated with villi?
- A. haustra
- B. lacteals
- C. bacterial flora
- D. intestinal glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lacteals. Villi are small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Lacteals are lymphatic vessels found in villi responsible for absorbing dietary fats. Haustra are pouches in the colon, not associated with villi. Bacterial flora is mainly found in the large intestine, not specifically associated with villi. Intestinal glands are responsible for producing digestive enzymes, but they are not directly associated with villi.
The nurse is caring for a patient receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following should the nurse do first if the patient develops chills and fever?
- A. Stop the transfusion and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer acetaminophen as prescribed.
- C. Check the blood bag for any abnormalities.
- D. Increase the rate of the transfusion to flush the system.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stop the transfusion and notify the healthcare provider. This is the first step because chills and fever during a blood transfusion could indicate a transfusion reaction, which can be serious. Stopping the transfusion is crucial to prevent further complications. Notifying the healthcare provider promptly ensures appropriate assessment and management. Administering acetaminophen (choice B) may help with fever but does not address the underlying issue. Checking the blood bag (choice C) can be done after stopping the transfusion. Increasing the rate of the transfusion (choice D) can exacerbate the reaction and should be avoided.
A patient diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B asks about drug therapy to treat the disease. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse?
- A. Only chronic hepatitis C is treatable and primarily with antiviral agents and interferon.'
- B. There are no specific drug therapies that are effective for treating acute viral hepatitis.'
- C. Interferon combined with lamivudine (Epivir) will decrease viral load and prevent complications.'
- D. There are no drugs used for the treatment of viral hepatitis because of the risk of additional liver damage.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: For chronic hepatitis B, antiviral therapy such as interferon and lamivudine (Epivir) is used to reduce the viral load and prevent complications like cirrhosis.
Where is the majority of absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. large intestine
- D. mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption capacity. Additionally, the small intestine contains specialized cells that facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to break down food, the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and the mouth is responsible for initial digestion through chewing and saliva production. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the anatomical and physiological functions of the digestive system.
Concerning HCL secretion:
- A. it is secreted by chief cells.
- B. it is secreted by parietal cells.
- C. it is inhibited by gastrin secretion.
- D. it is inhibited by Ach secretion.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because HCl secretion is primarily carried out by parietal cells in the stomach lining. Parietal cells contain proton pumps that actively secrete HCl to aid in digestion. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, not HCl (A is incorrect). Gastrin actually stimulates HCl secretion, so it doesn't inhibit it (C is incorrect). Acetylcholine (Ach) is a neurotransmitter that can stimulate, not inhibit, HCl secretion (D is incorrect). Therefore, option B is the correct choice based on the roles of parietal cells in HCl secretion.