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The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent
that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes,
while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word
presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in
which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one
cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of
lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the
eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal
points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by
the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point
aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself.
In the context of the passage, what does the word "accommodate" mean?
- A. Arrange lodging for
- B. Contain
- C. Make allowances for
- D. Excuse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In the context of the passage, "accommodate" means to adjust or contain different focal points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by the brain. It does not refer to arranging lodging for, making allowances for, or excusing something. The function of the lens is to accommodate these different focal points, allowing for clear vision at various distances.
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The Rainforest
The Amazon River Basin is home to the largest rainforest on Earth. The basin -- roughly the size of the forty-eight contiguous United States -- covers some 40% of the South American continent, and portions of eight countries. The basin is drained by the Amazon River, the world's largest river in terms of discharge, and the second longest river in the world after the Nile.
Since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (232,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed. This deforestation is mainly due to land clearing for pastureland by commercial and speculative interests, misguided government policies, and commercial exploitation of forest resources.
Deforestation of the rainforest has long-term implications. The loss of habitat for many creatures ensures their extinction. The loss of vegetation depletes the oxygen in the atmosphere, which some say causes global warming.
Which statement is a fact rather than an opinion?
- A. Deforestation causes global warming.
- B. The rainforest is essential to life on Earth.
- C. South American countries must stop deforestation of the rainforest immediately.
- D. Over 600,000 square kilometers (232,000 square miles) of Amazon rainforest have been destroyed since 1970.
Correct Answer: D
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Option D states a measurable fact: 'A vast amount of square mileage of Amazon rainforest has been destroyed since 1970,' supported by the specific figure provided in the passage (over 600,000 square kilometers or 232,000 square miles). The other options express opinions or interpretations about the consequences of deforestation rather than stating factual information. It is crucial for students to differentiate between facts, which are objective and verifiable, and opinions, which are subjective beliefs or interpretations.
Mr. Rogers' Biography: 'It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!' This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS.
The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real- world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations.
The author wrote this passage because he/she
- A. Wanted to persuade you to buy books written by Fred Rogers.
- B. Wanted to entertain you with amusing anecdotes from Fred Roger’s life
- C. Felt there wasn’t enough written about Fred Rogers.
- D. Wanted to inform the reader about Fred Roger’s message.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Wanted to inform the reader about Fred Rogers' message. The passage clearly states that Mr. Rogers spread a message of acceptance and tolerance, helping children deal with real-world issues. The purpose of the passage is to inform the reader about Mr. Rogers' beliefs and the impact of his work, not to persuade readers to buy books, entertain with anecdotes, or address a lack of information. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it aligns with the passage's content and theme.
Doppler Effect
Have you ever wondered why the whistle of a traveling, distant locomotive predicts its approach several yards before anyone actually sees it? Or why an oncoming ambulanceÄ€™s screaming siren is heard momentarily several feet before the ambulance comes into full view, before it passes you, and why its siren is still heard faintly well after the ambulance is out of sight?
What you are witnessing is a scientific phenomenon known as the Doppler Effect. What takes place is truly remarkable. In both of these instances, when the train or ambulance moves toward the sound waves in front of it, the sound waves are pulled closer together and have a higher frequency. In either instance, the listener positioned in front of the moving object hears a higher pitch. The ambulance and locomotive are progressively moving away from the sound waves behind them, causing the waves to be farther apart and to have a lower frequency. These fast-approaching modes of transportation distance themselves past the listener, who hears a lower pitch.
Which sound waves have a higher pitch?
- A. Sound waves that are closer together
- B. Sound waves that are farther apart
- C. Sound waves that travel a long distance
- D. Sound waves that travel a short distance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sound waves that are closer together. The Doppler Effect explains that when a source of sound is moving towards an observer, the sound waves are compressed, resulting in a higher frequency and thus a higher pitch. This phenomenon occurs when the source of the sound moves closer, causing the waves to be closer together. As the object moves away, the waves stretch out, leading to a lower frequency and a lower pitch. Therefore, sound waves that are closer together have a higher pitch, while those that are farther apart have a lower pitch.
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.
How does photosynthesis contribute to the carbon cycle?
- A. By converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars
- B. By increasing carbon dioxide absorption by animals
- C. By producing carbon monoxide
- D. By releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Photosynthesis contributes to the carbon cycle by converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil to produce sugars. This process helps in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing its levels. The sugars produced are utilized by the plant for energy and growth, with excess energy stored as starch. Ultimately, this conversion of carbon dioxide into sugars is a crucial step in the carbon cycle, as it plays a significant role in regulating the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and maintaining the balance of gases essential for life on Earth.
The Moon has been worshipped by primitive peoples and has inspired humans to create everything from lunar calendars to love sonnets. But what do we really know about it? The most accepted theory about the Moon's origin is that it was formed from the debris of a massive collision with the young Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. A huge body, perhaps the size of Mars, struck the Earth, throwing out an immense amount of debris that coalesced and cooled in orbit around the Earth. The development of Earth is inextricably linked to the Moon; the Moon's gravitational influence upon the Earth is the primary cause of ocean tides. In fact, the Moon has more than twice the effect on the tides than the Sun. The Moon makes one rotation and completes a revolution around the Earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. This synchronous rotation is caused by an uneven distribution of mass in the Moon (essentially, it is heavier on one side than the other) and has allowed the Earth's gravity to keep one side of the Moon permanently facing Earth. The average distance from Earth to the Moon is about 384,403 km. The Moon has no atmosphere; without it, the Moon has no protection from meteorite impacts, resulting in a surface covered with impact craters, both large and small. The Moon also has no active tectonic or volcanic activity, so the erosive effects of atmospheric weathering, tectonic shifts, and volcanic upheavals that tend to erase and reform the Earth’s surface features are not at work on the Moon. In fact, even tiny surface features, such as the footprint left by an astronaut in the lunar soil, are likely to last for millions of years unless obliterated by a chance meteorite strike. The surface gravity of the Moon is about one-sixth that of Earth's. Therefore, a person weighing 82 kilograms on Earth would only weigh 14 kilograms on the Moon. The geographical features of the Earth most similar to those of the Moon are places such as the Hawaiian volcanic craters and the huge meteor crater in Arizona. However, the climate of the Moon is very different from either Hawaii or Arizona; in fact, the temperature on the Moon ranges from 123 degrees Celsius to -233 degrees Celsius.
In the provided text, the word 'massive' in line 4 is closest in meaning to
- A. Dense
- B. Impressive
- C. Huge
- D. Unavoidable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The word 'massive' in the context of the text is used to describe the size of the body that collided with the Earth to form the Moon. In this context, 'massive' means extremely large or enormous, which aligns most closely with the choice 'Huge.' The collision was not described as dense, impressive, or unavoidable in relation to its size, making 'Huge' the most appropriate synonym.