Nokea
In the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, water is mostly reabsorbed in the ___________ of the nephron.
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Loop of henle
- C. Collecting duct
- D. Distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Proximal convoluted tubule. ADH acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption. However, the majority of water reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule due to its high permeability to water. This segment reabsorbs about 65% of filtered water, mainly through osmosis. The loop of Henle plays a crucial role in concentrating urine, but it is not the main site of water reabsorption. The collecting duct responds to ADH but reabsorbs a smaller fraction of filtered water compared to the proximal tubule. The distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in electrolyte reabsorption rather than water reabsorption.
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The following drug may cure typhoid fever, but does not prevent development of carrier state:
- A. Ceftriaxone
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Cotrimoxazole
- D. Chloramphenicol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Chloramphenicol is effective in curing typhoid fever by targeting the bacteria causing the infection.
2. However, chloramphenicol does not effectively eradicate the bacteria from the carrier state.
3. Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole are also effective in treating typhoid fever but do not specifically target the carrier state.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D, Chloramphenicol, as it cures typhoid fever but does not prevent the carrier state.
A 70 year old man has severe urinary hesitancy associated with bPH. He has * tried alpha blockers with little effect. His physician recommends a drug that blocks 5α-reductase in the prostate which is:
- A. Leuprolide
- B. Finasteride
- C. Flutamide
- D. Ketoconazole
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Finasteride. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha reductase, reducing conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. This helps shrink the prostate gland, relieving urinary symptoms in BPH. Leuprolide (A) is a GnRH agonist used for prostate cancer. Flutamide (C) is an antiandrogen for prostate cancer. Ketoconazole (D) is an antifungal, not for BPH. Finasteride is the most appropriate choice for this patient based on mechanism of action and indication.
The nurse caring for a patient with suspected renal has been referred by her primary physician for further dysfunction calculates that the patients weight has evaluation. The nurse should anticipate the use of what increased by 5 pounds in the past 24 hours. The nurse initial diagnostic test?
- A. Ultrasound
- B. X-ray
- C. 1,300 mL of fluid in 24 hours
- D. Computed tomography (CT)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ultrasound. This is the appropriate initial diagnostic test for suspected renal dysfunction due to its non-invasive nature and ability to visualize the kidneys and urinary system. Ultrasound can detect abnormalities such as kidney stones or obstruction. X-ray (B) does not provide detailed imaging of the kidneys. Option C refers to fluid intake, which is not a diagnostic test. Computed tomography (CT) scan (D) involves radiation exposure and is usually reserved for more advanced imaging after initial ultrasound. Ultrasound is the most suitable choice for initial evaluation of renal dysfunction.
Which of the following drugs valuable in the treatment of edema and metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Digoxin
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Dobutamine
- D. Acetazolamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acetazolamide. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that helps in the treatment of edema and metabolic alkalosis by promoting diuresis and increasing renal excretion of bicarbonate. It is effective in treating conditions associated with fluid retention and alkalosis.
A: Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation, not edema or metabolic alkalosis.
B: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic commonly used for conditions like hypertension and heart failure, but not specifically for metabolic alkalosis.
C: Dobutamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist used in acute heart failure or shock situations, not for edema or alkalosis.
In summary, Acetazolamide is the correct choice as it directly targets edema and metabolic alkalosis by affecting renal excretion of bicarbonate. Other options are
Which of the following statements about part of a nephron? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is incorrect?
- A. renal pelvis
- B. ADH regulates the amount of water
- C. distal tubule reabsorbed by the kidneys
- D. collecting duct
Correct Answer:
Rationale: The correct answer is A: renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is not directly related to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the nephron. ADH regulates water reabsorption in the collecting duct of the nephron to maintain water balance in the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they are all associated with the function of ADH in the nephron. ADH regulates the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct, not the renal pelvis.