Nokea
Which of the following drugs for treatment of leprosy can cause hemolysis * especially in patients with G6PD deficiency?
- A. Dapsone
- B. Rifampicin
- C. Clofazimine
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Dapsone is a known cause of hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency due to oxidative stress.
2. Dapsone triggers the release of reactive oxygen species, leading to hemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals.
3. Rifampicin and clofazimine do not have a direct association with hemolysis in G6PD deficiency.
4. Option D is incorrect as dapsone is a well-established drug associated with hemolysis in G6PD-deficient individuals.
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In a patient with AKI, which laboratory urinalysis result indicates tubular damage?
- A. Hematuria
- B. Specific gravity fixed at 1.010
- C. Urine sodium of 12 mEq/L (12 mmol/L)
- D. Osmolality of 1000 mOsm/kg (1000 mmol/kg)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Urine sodium of 12 mEq/L (12 mmol/L). In a patient with AKI, tubular damage results in the inability of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium effectively, leading to a low urine sodium concentration. This is because damaged tubules cannot properly regulate sodium reabsorption. Choices A, B, and D do not directly indicate tubular damage. Hematuria (choice A) can be seen in various renal conditions, fixed specific gravity at 1.010 (choice B) may indicate dilute urine, and osmolality of 1000 mOsm/kg (choice D) could be within normal range depending on the clinical context.
A patient has very high plasma uric acid and has high risk of developing acute * uric acid nephropathy. Which of the following agent should be avoided?
- A. Ethacrynic acid
- B. Acetazolamide
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide
- D. Furosemide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acetazolamide. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that can worsen hyperuricemia by increasing renal uric acid reabsorption. This can further exacerbate the risk of acute uric acid nephropathy. Ethacrynic acid (A), Hydrochlorothiazide (C), and Furosemide (D) are loop diuretics that can actually help in reducing uric acid levels by increasing its excretion through the urine. Therefore, they would not be contraindicated in this scenario.
A 1mm renal calculi in the ureter will most likely impact at
- A. the pelvi-ureteric junction
- B. the vesico-ureteric junction
- C. the pelvic brim
- D. the bladder orifice
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: the pelvi-ureteric junction. A 1mm renal calculi is most likely to impact at this location because the pelvi-ureteric junction is the narrowest part of the ureter, making it more susceptible to blockages. The size of the calculi is small enough to get lodged at this site, causing obstruction and symptoms. The other choices are incorrect because the vesico-ureteric junction and bladder orifice are wider areas, less likely to be obstructed by a small calculi. The pelvic brim is not a common site for renal calculi obstruction.
A nurses colleague has applied an incontinence pad Select all that apply.
- A. Dietary history
- B. What principle
- C. Family history of renal stones
- D. Medication history
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dietary history. Understanding the patient's dietary habits can help identify potential triggers for incontinence, such as caffeine or alcohol intake. It also provides insight into fluid intake, which can impact incontinence.
Incorrect choices:
B: What principle - This is vague and does not provide relevant information for managing incontinence.
C: Family history of renal stones - While family history can be important for certain conditions, it is not directly related to managing incontinence.
D: Medication history - While medications can sometimes contribute to incontinence, dietary factors are typically more significant in this context.
Which antibiotics should be avoided in patients of liver disease?:
- A. Tetracycline
- B. Cotrimoxazole
- C. Cephalexin
- D. Ethanbutol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetracycline. Tetracycline should be avoided in patients with liver disease due to its potential hepatotoxicity. Tetracycline is primarily metabolized in the liver and can exacerbate liver damage in patients with pre-existing liver conditions. Cotrimoxazole, Cephalexin, and Ethambutol are generally considered safe for use in patients with liver disease as they are not known to cause significant liver toxicity.