Nokea
In which of the following scenarios is administration of calcium unwise with hyperkalemia?
- A. Rhabdomyolysis.
- B. Nephrotoxic ATN.
- C. Ischaemia ATN.
- D. Acute glomerulonephritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream.
Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.
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A patient with a sacral pressure ulcer has had a
- A. The risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection as a urinary catheter inserte
- B. As a result of this new consequent of antibiotic therapy intervention, the nurse should prioritize what nursing
- C. The need to expect a heavy menstrual period diagnosis in the patients plan of care?
- D. Impaired physical mobility related to presence of an
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (E):
1. The prompt mentions a patient with a sacral pressure ulcer.
2. Considering the context, the most relevant issue would be wound care and prevention of pressure ulcers.
3. Option E is the only choice related to wound care and prevention, indicating the correct focus for the nurse.
4. Choices A, B, C, and D are unrelated to the primary concern of managing the sacral pressure ulcer.
5. Therefore, E is the correct answer as it aligns with the patient's immediate care needs.
A 25 year old patient is diagnosed with genital herpes simplex virus infection. * Which of the following drug would be most appropriate to prescribe in treating this patient's illness?
- A. Zanamivir
- B. Lamivudine
- C. Valacyclovir
- D. Cidofovir
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Valacyclovir. Valacyclovir is an antiviral medication commonly used to treat herpes simplex virus infections. It is a prodrug of acyclovir, which inhibits viral DNA replication. Zanamivir (A) is used to treat influenza viruses, not herpes. Lamivudine (B) is used for HIV and hepatitis B, not herpes. Cidofovir (D) is used for cytomegalovirus and other viral infections, but not the first line for herpes. Valacyclovir is the most appropriate choice due to its effectiveness and safety profile in treating herpes simplex virus infections.
In the process of renal autoregulation,
- A. the loop of Henle reabsorbs more sodium and chloride ions
- B. the collecting tubule reabsorbs less water
- C. the afferent arterioles dilate, increasing glomerular filtration rate
- D. the efferent arterioles dilate, allowing blood to flow through the kidney faster
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct:
1. Renal autoregulation maintains a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
2. If the collecting tubule reabsorbs less water, it helps regulate the body's fluid balance.
3. Reabsorbing less water in the collecting tubule helps prevent excessive fluid loss or retention.
4. This process ensures that the body maintains appropriate blood volume and blood pressure.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Loop of Henle reabsorbs ions, not more sodium and chloride ions.
C: Afferent arterioles constrict to decrease GFR, not dilate to increase it.
D: Efferent arterioles constrict to maintain GFR, not dilate to allow faster blood flow.
A patient is being treated with furosemide and Digoxin because of CHF. She developed UTI. Which of the following antibiotics should NOT be prescribed?
- A. Cotrimoxazole
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Gentamycin
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gentamycin. Gentamycin is known to have potential nephrotoxicity, which can exacerbate renal dysfunction caused by furosemide. It should be avoided in patients with CHF and UTI. Cotrimoxazole (A) can be used with caution, Ciprofloxacin (B) is generally safe, and Ampicillin (D) is a suitable choice for UTI treatment in this scenario.
The main reason for the use of combination therapy in the drug treatment of Tuberculosis is:
- A. Reduce the incidence of side effects
- B. Delay or prevent the emergence of resistance
- C. Synergistically increase antimycobacterial activity
- D. Provide prophylaxis against other bacterial infections
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main reason for using combination therapy in TB treatment is to delay or prevent the emergence of resistance. Step 1: TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has a high mutation rate leading to drug resistance. Step 2: With combination therapy, multiple drugs target different aspects of the bacteria's lifecycle, making it harder for resistance to develop. Step 3: This approach ensures that if one drug becomes ineffective due to resistance, others can still be effective. Summary: Choice B is correct as it directly addresses the issue of resistance, which is a critical concern in TB treatment. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because reducing side effects, increasing antimycobacterial activity, and providing prophylaxis against other bacterial infections are not the primary reasons for using combination therapy in TB.