Nokea
In which part of respiratory system gaseous exchange takes place?
- A. alveoli
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air we breathe diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. The pharynx, larynx, and trachea are parts of the respiratory system but do not participate in gaseous exchange. The pharynx serves as a passage for air and food, the larynx houses the vocal cords, and the trachea carries air to and from the lungs. Only the alveoli have the thin walls and large surface area necessary for efficient exchange of gases.
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Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
- A. C-shaped cartilage
- B. smooth muscle fibers
- C. cilia
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the choices are structural features of the trachea. A is correct as the trachea has C-shaped cartilage rings for structural support. B is correct as the trachea contains smooth muscle fibers that help regulate airflow. C is correct as the trachea is lined with cilia that help sweep mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract. Therefore, all of the above choices are structural features of the trachea, making D the correct answer.
A male patient has a sucking stab wound to the chest. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Drawing blood for a hematocrit and hemoglobin level.
- B. Applying a dressing over the wound and taping it on three sides.
- C. Preparing a chest tube insertion tray.
- D. Preparing to start an I.V. line.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Applying a dressing over the wound and taping it on three sides should be done first to prevent air from entering the wound and causing a tension pneumothorax. This action helps stabilize the wound and minimizes the risk of further complications. Drawing blood for hematocrit and hemoglobin (A) is not the priority in this situation. Chest tube insertion (C) and starting an IV line (D) can be necessary interventions but are not the immediate priority in managing a sucking chest wound.
Carbon monoxide
- A. has a very low affinity or attraction to hemoglobin.
- B. is unlikely to be transported by the circulatory system.
- C. is not the cause of death of people who breathe excessive amounts of automobile exhausts.
- D. can arise from cigarette smoke
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because carbon monoxide can indeed arise from cigarette smoke due to incomplete combustion of tobacco. This is supported by scientific evidence. Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for hemoglobin, so choice A is incorrect. It can be transported by the circulatory system, making choice B incorrect. Breathing excessive amounts of automobile exhaust containing carbon monoxide can lead to death, making choice C incorrect.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
- A. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure
- B. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes
- C. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes
- D. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the Hering-Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism that prevents lung damage from overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. When the lungs are at risk of overinflation, stretch receptors in the lung tissue send signals to the brainstem to reduce or stop inspiration, preventing excessive stretching of the alveoli. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as the Hering-Breuer reflex is not involved in changes in blood pressure, PO2, or PCO2 regulation.
A nurse in a medical unit is caring for a client with heart failure. The client suddenly develops extreme dyspnea,tachycardia and lung crackles. The nurse immediately asks another nurse to contact the primary health care provider and prepares to implement ALL priority interventions EXCEPT?
- A. Administer oxygen
- B. Administer furosemide (diuretic)
- C. Transport to coronary care unit
- D. Obtain stat Hepatic Panel
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Option C, transporting the client to the coronary care unit, is not the priority intervention because the client is presenting with acute pulmonary edema, a sign of worsening heart failure. Administering oxygen (Option A) is crucial to improve oxygenation. Administering furosemide (Option B) helps reduce fluid overload. Obtaining a stat Hepatic Panel (Option D) may be necessary to assess liver function due to medication side effects. However, immediate actions to address respiratory distress and tachycardia take precedence over moving the client to another unit.