Nokea
Indicate the nondepolarizing agent, which has short duration of action:
- A. Succinylcholine
- B. Tubocurarine
- C. Mivacurium
- D. Pancuronium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Mivacurium is the correct answer as it is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a short duration of action due to its rapid metabolism by plasma esterases. Succinylcholine (A) is a depolarizing agent, Tubocurarine (B) and Pancuronium (D) are nondepolarizing agents with longer durations of action compared to Mivacurium.
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Indicate the main claim for an ideal hypnotic agent:
- A. Rapid onset and sufficient duration of action
- B. Minor effects on sleep patterns
- C. Minimal “hangover” effects
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because an ideal hypnotic agent should have all the qualities listed in choices A, B, and C. Rapid onset and sufficient duration of action ensure quick and long-lasting sleep induction. Minor effects on sleep patterns indicate minimal disruption to natural sleep cycles. Minimal "hangover" effects mean fewer side effects upon waking up, promoting overall well-being. Therefore, having all these qualities makes a hypnotic agent ideal for promoting healthy and restful sleep.
What is implied by «active transport»?
- A. Transport of drugs trough a membrane by means of diffusion
- B. Transport without energy consumption
- C. Engulf of drug by a cell membrane with a new vesicle formation
- D. Transport against concentration gradient
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy expenditure. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper functioning of cells. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because active transport is not based on diffusion, does require energy consumption, and does not involve engulfing of molecules by vesicle formation. It is important to understand the fundamental concept of active transport to differentiate it from passive transport mechanisms.
Indication of vitamin D3 is:
- A. Hypercalcemia
- B. Paget's disease
- C. Hypophosphatemia
- D. Osteomalacia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Osteomalacia. Vitamin D3 is indicated for the treatment of osteomalacia, a condition characterized by softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D. It helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, leading to proper bone mineralization.
A: Hypercalcemia is not an indication for vitamin D3 as it can worsen the condition by increasing calcium levels further.
B: Paget's disease is not a primary indication for vitamin D3 therapy. Treatment usually involves bisphosphonates.
C: Hypophosphatemia is a condition where there is low phosphate levels, and treatment involves phosphate supplementation, not just vitamin D3.
During counseling with Om Khamis, a pregnant hypertensive patient. You advised her to avoid the following antihypertensive that may cause renal damage in the fetus:
- A. Captopril
- B. Diazoxide
- C. Fenoldopam
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, is teratogenic, risking fetal renal damage.
The client’s family asks whether hypothyroidism and Parkinson’s disease are associated with any mental health issues. The nurse answers, 'Yes, the main concern is:
- A. depression.
- B. bipolar disorder.
- C. schizophrenia.
- D. posttraumatic stress disorder.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: depression. Hypothyroidism and Parkinson's disease can both lead to symptoms of depression due to their impact on neurotransmitters and hormones. Hypothyroidism can cause fatigue, weight gain, and mood changes, while Parkinson's disease can lead to decreased dopamine levels, affecting mood. Bipolar disorder (B) is not directly associated with these conditions. Schizophrenia (C) is a separate mental health disorder with different symptoms. Posttraumatic stress disorder (D) is more related to experiencing a traumatic event, not specifically linked to hypothyroidism or Parkinson's disease.