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Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F)." Older adults experience a decline in long-term memory as a result of the normal aging process.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: F
Rationale: False, Long-term memory is generally preserved in normal aging; short-term memory and processing speed are more affected.
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Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. A baby boy is born into a family of five (three siblings and two parents). The family qualifies for food stamps and medical assistance. He has an atrial-septal defect that will be repaired when he is older. His parents are in their late 30s and are very loving and supportive; they do not speak English very well. What factor will have the most influence on the baby's development?
- A. His heart defect
- B. His loving, supportive environment
- C. His family's lack of extra income
- D. His parents' inability to speak English fluently
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A loving, supportive environment is critical for psychosocial development (e.g., Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage) and has the most significant positive impact on the baby's development.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Seek sense of self and plan according to one's abilities
- A. Recognize accomplishments and provide emotional support
- B. Keep realistic expectations for behavior and recognize accomplishments
- C. Review accomplishments made by the person
- D. Increase independence; provide praise and encouragement
- E. Avoid criticizing relationships; teach how to establish realistic goals
- F. Provide consistent affectionate care
- G. Encourage creativity, answer questions; do not threaten or label behavior as 'bad'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Keeping realistic expectations supports identity vs. role confusion, helping teens plan according to their abilities.
Match the stage, according to Erikson, to the appropriate age range. Trust vs. mistrust
- A. Birth to 18 months
- B. 18 months to 3 years
- C. 3 years to 5 years
- D. 5 years to 12 years
- E. 12 years to 18 years
- F. 18 years to 40 years
- G. 40 years to 65 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage occurs from birth to 18 months, where infants develop trust through consistent care.
Match Kohlberg's stages of moral development with their descriptions. Law and order orientation.
- A. Young adolescent focuses on being good and helping others, not just to follow the rules but to feel good about motives.
- B. Adult's behavior is motivated by the desire to follow internal values and moral principles.
- C. Child equates doing right equates with doing no wrong punishment with and doing wrong with punishment, punishment
- D. Young choosing adolescent follows laws for the greater good and because of respect for authority for laws,
- E. Adult has concern for human rights and dignity; desires impartial interpretation of justice, justice
- F. Child focuses on what is fair rather than what might be best for the larger group on what is fair,
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Kohlberg's conventional level, law and order (stage 4) involves following laws for the greater good and respecting authority.
Choose the correct answer(s). In some questions, more than one answer is correct. Select all that apply. Normal growth patterns suggest that the newborn's head circumference will be how much larger at 1 year?
- A. Half again as large
- B. Twice as large
- C. Two and a half times as large
- D. Three times as large
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A newborn's head circumference increases by about 50% (half again as large) by 1 year, reflecting rapid brain growth.