Nokea
Insulin:
- A. stimulates the formation of glycogen.
- B. increases the transport of glucose into a cell.
- C. stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because insulin plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Firstly, insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen by promoting the uptake of glucose into the liver and muscles for storage. Secondly, it increases the transport of glucose into cells, regulating blood sugar levels. Lastly, insulin also stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats by promoting the uptake of amino acids and fatty acids into cells. Therefore, all the statements in option D are correct based on the functions of insulin.
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The left suprarenal vein drains into which of the following?
- A. Superior mesenteric vein
- B. Inferior hemiazygos
- C. Inferior vena cava
- D. Left renal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Left renal vein. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein because they are anatomically close and share a common blood supply. The left suprarenal vein carries blood from the left adrenal gland, while the left renal vein receives blood from the left kidney. This anatomical proximity allows for efficient drainage of blood from the adrenal gland into the renal vein for further circulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the left suprarenal vein does not typically drain into the superior mesenteric vein, inferior hemiazygos, or inferior vena cava.
What manifestations of endocrine problems in the older adult are commonly attributed to the aging process?
- A. Tremors and paresthesias
- B. Fatigue and mental impairment
- C. Hyperpigmentation and oily skin
- D. Fluid retention and hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fatigue and mental impairment are often attributed to normal aging but may indicate an underlying endocrine disorder such as hypothyroidism or adrenal insufficiency.
Growth hormone:
- A. is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- B. stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
- C. is also called somatotropic hormone.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because growth hormone is indeed secreted by the adenohypophysis, it stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system, and it is also known as somatotropic hormone. All the statements in choices A, B, and C are true regarding growth hormone, making option D the correct choice. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the functions and characteristics of growth hormone as described in the question.
Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers.
- A. Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides.
- B. Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones.
- C. An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.
- D. An example of a paracrine is testosterone.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: An amino acid derivative can be a hormone. This statement is correct because many hormones are derived from amino acids, such as thyroid hormones (derived from tyrosine) and epinephrine (derived from phenylalanine). Hormones can be derived from various sources, including amino acids, peptides, lipids, and even gases.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Prostaglandins are not biologically active peptides; they are lipid compounds derived from fatty acids.
B: Modified cholesterol does not form the main structural component of peptone hormones; peptides are the main structural components of peptide hormones.
D: Testosterone is a steroid hormone and not an example of a paracrine, which is a type of chemical messenger that acts on nearby cells.
Which is a nutritionally essential amino acid?
- A. taunine
- B. leucine
- C. glutamate
- D. alanine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (B - leucine): Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, muscle repair, and growth. It is essential for overall health and well-being.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A - taurine: Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid, not nutritionally essential.
C - glutamate: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can synthesize it.
D - alanine: Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can also produce it.