Nokea
Isotonic lactated Ringer's solution is indicated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Dehydration
- B. Liver diseases
- C. Acute blood loss
- D. Lower GIT fluid loss
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lactated Ringer's can exacerbate liver disease due to impaired lactate metabolism.
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In response to the patients question about how to know whether drugs are safe, the nurse explains that all medications undergo rigorous scientific testing controlled by what organization?
- A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- B. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
- C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- D. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The FDA is responsible for controlling and regulating the development and sale of drugs in the United States, allowing new drugs to enter the market only after being subjected to rigorous scientific testing. The DEA regulates and controls the use of controlled substances. The CDC monitors and responds to infectious diseases. The JCAHO is an accrediting body that inspects acute care facilities to ensure minimum standards are met.
Which of the following is an insulin effect in the liver:
- A. Inhibition of glycogenolisis
- B. Inhibition of glycolysis
- C. Decrease of glycogenesis
- D. Decreases of pyruvatkinase, phosphofructokinase and glucokinase activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis in the liver, promoting glucose storage as glycogen rather than its breakdown.
Robert, age 51 years, has been told by his primary care provider (PCP) to take an aspirin a day. Why would this be recommended?
- A. He has arthritis and this will help with the inflammation and pain
- B. Aspirin has anti-platelet activity and prevents clots that cause heart attacks
- C. Aspirin acidifies the urine and he needs this for prostate health
- D. He has a history of GI bleed, and one aspirin a day is a safe dosage
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aspirin's antiplatelet effect reduces cardiovascular risk, a common recommendation for men over 50; arthritis or prostate aren't primary reasons.
What aspect of pharmacology does a nurse study? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Adverse and anticipated drug effects
- B. Molecular pharmacology
- C. Impact of drugs on the body
- D. The body's response to a drug
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nurses study pharmacology from a pharmacotherapeutic level, which includes the effect of drugs on the body, the body's response to drugs, and both expected and unexpected drug effects. Chemical and molecular pharmacology (Options A and B) are not included in nursing pharmacology courses.
A staff educator is reviewing medication dosages and factors that influence medication metabolism with a group of nurses at an in-service presentation. Which of the following factors should the educator include as a reason to administer lower medication dosages?
- A. Increased renal secretion
- B. Increased medication-metabolizing enzymes
- C. Liver failure
- D. Peripheral vascular disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Liver failure impairs metabolism, and concurrent use of medications metabolized by the same pathway can increase drug levels, both necessitating lower doses.