Nokea
Jane Doe, 23, received her NPH insulin injection at 7:30 A.M., but due to oversight and a long wait in the x-ray department, she has not eaten for 14 hours. The nurse can anticipate which complication?
- A. Dehydration
- B. Ketoacidotic coma
- C. Insulin reaction
- D. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Not eating after insulin injection can cause hypoglycemia, or an insulin reaction, due to the lack of food to balance the insulin effect.
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During surgery, we administer hexamethonium to an anesthetized patient. Which of the following effects should you expect in response to this drug?
- A. Bradycardia mediated by activation of the baroreceptor reflex
- B. Increased GI tract motility, possible spontaneous defecation
- C. Increased salivary secretions
- D. Vasodilation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vasodilation. Hexamethonium is a ganglionic blocking agent that blocks nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to vasodilation due to inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. This causes a decrease in blood pressure.
A: Bradycardia is not a direct effect of hexamethonium.
B: Increased GI motility and defecation are not expected effects of hexamethonium.
C: Increased salivary secretions are not directly affected by hexamethonium.
In summary, the correct answer is D because hexamethonium causes vasodilation by blocking nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.
Which of these hormones is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. thyroid hormone
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. glucagon
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland to regulate water balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Thyroid hormone (A) is produced by the thyroid gland, while glucagon (C) and insulin (D) are produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels. ADH is the only hormone among the choices that is released by the posterior pituitary gland, making it the correct answer.
Which of these is not an endocrine gland?
- A. Pancreas.
- B. Testes.
- C. Salivary gland.
- D. Parathyroid.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.
Which is true of dark (red) muscle?
- A. This muscle is optimized for endurance training
- B. There is less mitochondria in this muscle
- C. This muscle contains more fast-twitch fibers
- D. This muscle contains an equal amount of fast and slow twitch fibers
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A: This muscle is optimized for endurance training. Dark (red) muscle contains more myoglobin, which stores oxygen and enhances endurance performance. This muscle type is rich in mitochondria, allowing for sustained energy production. Choice B is incorrect because dark muscle actually has more mitochondria. Choice C is incorrect because dark muscle contains more slow-twitch fibers, which are fatigue-resistant and contribute to endurance. Choice D is incorrect because dark muscle predominantly consists of slow-twitch fibers, making it optimized for endurance rather than speed.
Which of the following is not a similarity between hormones and neurotransmitters?
- A. NONE OF THE ABOVE (all of the above are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters)
- B. Both are chemical messengers.
- C. Both can sometimes be chemically identical.
- D. Both produce molecules that act on receptors.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.