Nokea
Which of the following nerves is related to the medial surface of thyroid gland?
- A. External laryngeal nerve
- B. Hypoglossal nerve
- C. Internal laryngeal nerve
- D. Vagus nerve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: External laryngeal nerve. This nerve runs along the medial surface of the thyroid gland, providing motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Hypoglossal nerve innervates the tongue, C: Internal laryngeal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the larynx, and D: Vagus nerve innervates various organs in the thorax and abdomen.
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The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete _______ which targets the _______.
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon; liver. Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon, which targets the liver. Glucagon helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown in the liver. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, not the pancreas, and does not target the liver. Glucagon does not target the kidney, and calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in regulating calcium levels, not blood glucose levels.
The secretion of which of the following would be least affected by a decrease in extracellular fluid volume?
- A. CRH
- B. Arginine vasopressin
- C. Dehydroepiandrosterone
- D. Estrogens
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Estrogens. When extracellular fluid volume decreases, the body activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain water and sodium. Estrogen is not directly involved in regulating fluid balance, so its secretion would be least affected. CRH (choice A) stimulates the release of cortisol, which affects fluid balance. Arginine vasopressin (choice B) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. Dehydroepiandrosterone (choice C) is a precursor to sex hormones, including estrogen.
A nurse is teaching a client about signs and symptoms of thyrotoxic crisis. Which of the following signs and symptoms below are indicative of thyrotoxic crisis?
- A. Chest pain
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Altered level of consciousness
- D. Hypothermia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Altered level of consciousness is a critical symptom of thyrotoxic crisis, which is a life-threatening condition caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels.
Regarding starvation:
- A. glycogen provides enough fuel for 48 hours
- B. ketoacids derived from fats, are used by the brain and other tissues
- C. hypoglycaemia has a protein sparing effect
- D. average time until death is 40 days
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (B):
1. During starvation, the body shifts to using ketoacids derived from fats for fuel.
2. The brain and other tissues can utilize these ketoacids.
3. This process helps to spare protein and prevent muscle breakdown.
4. Therefore, choice B is correct as ketoacids play a crucial role in providing energy during starvation.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Glycogen stores are depleted within 24 hours, not 48 hours.
C: Hypoglycemia during starvation does not have a protein sparing effect.
D: The average time until death from starvation is typically much shorter than 40 days.
Most hormones of the endocrine system are regulated by a .
- A. hormone-gene complex
- B. hormone-receptor complex
- C. negative feedback mechanism
- D. positive feedback mechanism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative feedback mechanism. This is because the majority of hormones in the endocrine system are regulated by a feedback loop that maintains homeostasis by inhibiting further hormone production when levels are too high and stimulating production when levels are too low. This negative feedback mechanism ensures that hormone levels remain within a narrow range.
A: hormone-gene complex is incorrect as hormones are not primarily regulated by direct interactions with genes.
B: hormone-receptor complex is incorrect as receptors are involved in hormone action, not regulation.
D: positive feedback mechanism is incorrect as it would lead to an amplification of hormone production, which is not typically seen in the endocrine system to maintain stability.