Nokea
The nurse assesses the diabetic patient's technique of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) 3 months after initial instruction. Which error in the performance of SMBG noted by the nurse requires intervention?
- A. Doing the SMBG before and after exercising
- B. Puncturing the finger on the side of the finger pad
- C. Cleaning the puncture site with alcohol before the puncture
- D. Holding the hand down for a few minutes before the puncture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alcohol on the skin can interfere with glucose readings and should not be used to clean the puncture site.
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During surgery, we administer hexamethonium to an anesthetized patient. Which of the following effects should you expect in response to this drug?
- A. Bradycardia mediated by activation of the baroreceptor reflex
- B. Increased GI tract motility, possible spontaneous defecation
- C. Increased salivary secretions
- D. Vasodilation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Vasodilation. Hexamethonium is a ganglionic blocking agent that blocks nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to vasodilation due to inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. This causes a decrease in blood pressure.
A: Bradycardia is not a direct effect of hexamethonium.
B: Increased GI motility and defecation are not expected effects of hexamethonium.
C: Increased salivary secretions are not directly affected by hexamethonium.
In summary, the correct answer is D because hexamethonium causes vasodilation by blocking nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.
Pituitary Hormone Triggering the Male Testes to Generate Sperm and in Females, Triggering Follicular Development Every Month Is
- A. Prolactin
- B. Growth hormone
- C. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. Luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is responsible for triggering follicular development in females and sperm production in males. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, leading to the release of an egg during ovulation. In males, FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes to support the development of sperm.
A: Prolactin is not involved in the process of follicular development or sperm production.
B: Growth hormone is not directly related to the regulation of reproductive functions.
D: Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, but it is not the hormone that triggers follicular development or sperm production.
Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol) is most likely to cause:
- A. Cushing syndrome.
- B. hypocalcemic tetany.
- C. diabetes insipidus.
- D. acute adrenal insufficiency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acute adrenal insufficiency. Abrupt withdrawal of prednisone can lead to adrenal insufficiency due to suppression of the adrenal glands' natural cortisol production. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. Cushing syndrome (choice A) is caused by excessive cortisol, hypocalcemic tetany (choice B) is due to low calcium levels, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) is a disorder of water balance regulation, not related to prednisone withdrawal.
Regarding starvation:
- A. glycogen provides enough fuel for 48 hours
- B. ketoacids derived from fats, are used by the brain and other tissues
- C. hypoglycaemia has a protein sparing effect
- D. average time until death is 40 days
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (B):
1. During starvation, the body shifts to using ketoacids derived from fats for fuel.
2. The brain and other tissues can utilize these ketoacids.
3. This process helps to spare protein and prevent muscle breakdown.
4. Therefore, choice B is correct as ketoacids play a crucial role in providing energy during starvation.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Glycogen stores are depleted within 24 hours, not 48 hours.
C: Hypoglycemia during starvation does not have a protein sparing effect.
D: The average time until death from starvation is typically much shorter than 40 days.
How do protein kinases affect enzymes?
- A. They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.
- B. They increase the release of an enzyme.
- C. They break down the enzyme.
- D. They increase the secretion of an enzyme.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
1. Protein kinases add a phosphate group to enzymes through phosphorylation.
2. Phosphorylation alters enzyme activity and can activate or deactivate enzymes.
3. This process regulates enzyme function and signaling pathways.
Summary of other choices:
B. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme release; they modify enzyme activity.
C. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not break down enzymes; they regulate their activity.
D. Incorrect - Protein kinases do not increase enzyme secretion; they modify enzyme function through phosphorylation.