Nokea
Lispro insulin (Humalog) with NPH insulin is ordered for a patient with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The nurse knows that when lispro insulin is used, when should it be administered?
- A. Only once a day
- B. 1 hour before meals
- C. 30 to 45 minutes before meals
- D. At mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lispro insulin should be administered at mealtime or within 15 minutes of meals for optimal effect.
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Muscarinic agonist used for atonic bowel or bladder:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Chlorpromazine
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist that specifically targets the bladder and bowel smooth muscles, improving their tone and contractility. It is used for conditions like atonic bowel or bladder dysfunction. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic, and Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for decongestion and bronchodilation. These medications do not have the same mechanism of action or target as Bethanechol and are not indicated for atonic bowel or bladder issues.
Which one of the following hormones is secreted by neurones?
- A. Insulin
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?
- A. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.
- C. Oxytocin is released in significant amounts ONLY during childbirth and nursing in woman.
- D. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids.
Rationale summary:
A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females.
C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing.
D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
Priority Decision: What is the priority nursing intervention during the management of the patient with pheochromocytoma?
- A. Administering IV fluids
- B. Administering β-adrenergic blockers
- C. Monitoring blood pressure
- D. Monitoring intake and output and daily weights
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In managing pheochromocytoma, monitoring and controlling blood pressure is the priority intervention due to the risk of hypertensive crises caused by catecholamine secretion from the tumor.
What is the origin of accessory pancreatic duct?
- A. Distal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- B. Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- C. The distal part of ventral pancreatic bud
- D. The proximal part of ventral pancreatic bud
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud. The accessory pancreatic duct originates from the dorsal pancreatic bud during embryonic development. This is because the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the body and tail of the pancreas, which includes the accessory pancreatic duct. The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud specifically gives rise to the proximal part of the accessory pancreatic duct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to the distal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud, the distal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, and the proximal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, respectively, which are not associated with the origin of the accessory pancreatic duct.