The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the production and secretion of hormones from the:
- A. adrenal cortex
- B. anterior pituitary gland
- C. posterior pituitary gland
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel to the anterior pituitary gland through the hypophyseal portal system, where they regulate the production and secretion of various hormones. This control mechanism ensures proper hormonal balance in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the adrenal cortex, posterior pituitary gland, and thyroid gland are not directly regulated by the hypothalamus through releasing and inhibiting hormones.
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What is the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism?
- A. Thyroidectomy
- B. Administration of a radioactive cocktail of 131I (radioactive iodine)
- C. Replacement dose of thyroid hormones
- D. Replacement dose of calcitonin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Replacement dose of thyroid hormones. In newly diagnosed cretinism, there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, leading to developmental delays and other health issues. Administering replacement thyroid hormones is crucial to normalize hormone levels and support proper growth and development. Thyroidectomy (choice A) is not necessary in this case as the goal is to supplement the missing hormones. Option B, the administration of radioactive iodine cocktail, is used to treat hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Choice D, replacement dose of calcitonin, is not relevant as calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation, not thyroid hormone production. Thus, the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism is the replacement dose of thyroid hormones to address the underlying hormonal deficiency.
In its action in cells, aldosterone
- A. increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
- B. does not act on the cell membrane
- C. binds to a receptor excluded from the nucleus
- D. may activate a heat shock protein
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because aldosterone increases the transport of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This process leads to enhanced sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water retention and increasing blood pressure. Choices B and C are incorrect as aldosterone does act on the cell membrane and binds to a receptor located in the cytoplasm, which then translocates to the nucleus. Choice D is incorrect as aldosterone does not directly activate heat shock proteins.
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Choice A:
1. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. These hormones are transported via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to the posterior pituitary for storage.
3. When needed, the posterior pituitary releases these hormones into the bloodstream.
4. Oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, while ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Summary of other Choices:
B. Incorrect - ADH, when released, causes urine volume to decrease and blood volume to increase by increasing water reabsorption.
C. Incorrect - Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates progesterone production but is released by the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus.
D. Incorrect - Hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to infertility, not necessarily sterility, and the effects differ between males and females.
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?
- A. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.
- C. Oxytocin is released in significant amounts ONLY during childbirth and nursing in woman.
- D. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids.
Rationale summary:
A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females.
C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing.
D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
Mrs. A. is scheduled for a unilateral adrenalectomy. Her postoperative course is uneventful. Which discharge goal is most realistic for Mrs. A.?
- A. Being free of symptoms without medication
- B. Having greatly reduced symptoms on maintenance cortisone
- C. Being free of symptoms on daily ACTH injections
- D. Having activity restricted for life
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postoperatively, the goal for Cushing syndrome patients is typically symptom reduction with the help of maintenance cortisone.