Questions About Chronic Diseases

Questions About Chronic Diseases Related

Review Questions About Chronic Diseases related questions and content

Melatonin is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. Features of melatonin include:

  • A. It circulates in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood.
  • B. It has a plasma elimination half-life of 4 h.
  • C. It is derived from tryptophan.
  • D. It activates the pituitary adenylate cyclase mechanism of circadian wakefulness.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles. It circulates in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, crossing the blood-brain barrier to signal darkness via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Its half-life is short, about 30-60 minutes, not 4 hours, enabling rapid response to light cues. Synthesized from tryptophan via serotonin, it's a biochemical derivative responsive to environmental triggers. It acts on melatonin receptors (MT1, MT2) in the SCN, suppressing wakefulness-promoting adenylate cyclase, not activating pituitary mechanisms for wakefulness that's a misattribution. Its role dampens alertness, promoting sleep. Circulation in bodily fluids ensures systemic distribution, aligning circadian rhythms with night, making it foundational to sleep physiology and fatigue management.

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Which atypical pneumonia can be vaccinated against?

  • A. coxiella burnetii
  • B. mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • C. chlamydia pneumoniae
  • D. legionella
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Coxiella Q fever has a vaccine, not mycoplasma, chlamydia duo, or legionella. Nurses jab this chronic farm bug shield.

Which of the following has been shown to be useful in managing fatty liver?

  • A. Insulin injection
  • B. Metformin
  • C. Vitamin E
  • D. Exercises
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin E, an antioxidant, reduces hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), per AASLD guidelines, aiding NAFLD management. Insulin treats diabetes, not NAFLD directly. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity but lacks strong evidence for NAFLD reversal. Exercise and diet are key but split here; exercise aids weight loss, indirectly helping. Vitamin E's specific benefit makes it notable in chronic liver disease care.

Upon percussion of the midclavicular line from cranial to caudal, you can locate the absolute and relative lung-liver borders. Question: What produces the sound you hear between these two borders?

  • A. It is caused by lung tissue
  • B. It is caused by liver tissue
  • C. It is caused by colon tissue
  • D. It is caused by the overlap of lung tissue and liver tissue
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lung-liver edge overlap dulls the tap, not pure lung, liver, or colon. Nurses hear this, a chronic border beat.

A 50-year-old male patient has been hospitalized for a wedge resection of the left lower lung lobe after a routine chest x-ray shows carcinoma. The patient is anxious and asks if he can smoke. Which statement by the nurse would be most therapeutic?

  • A. Smoking is the reason you are here
  • B. The doctor left orders for you not to smoke
  • C. You are anxious about the surgery. Do you see smoking as helping?
  • D. Smoking is OK right now, but after your surgery it is contraindicated
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Anxiety's screaming here naming it and asking if smoking helps opens a door to his feelings, not a lecture. Blaming smoking shames him, spiking stress. Citing orders shuts down dialogue. Greenlighting it's reckless nicotine constricts vessels, risking surgical healing, especially post-lung resection. Therapeutic nursing in oncology digs into emotions, guiding patients through fear without judgment, key for pre-op calm.

A nurse is caring for a client who presented to the emergency department with complaints of fatigue, palpitations, and chest pains. Upon assessment, the provider notes an S3 and S4 gallop, weak peripheral pulses, and tachycardia. The provider orders a chest x-ray and echocardiogram, which reveals left ventricular dilation. Which of the following disorder is consistent with these findings?

  • A. Cardiac tamponade
  • B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • C. Pericarditis
  • D. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Left ventricular dilation with S3, S4, weak pulses, and tachycardia paints dilated cardiomyopathy heart muscle stretches, weakening pump, causing fatigue and palpitations. Tamponade compresses, not dilates. Pericarditis inflames without dilation. Restrictive stiffens, resisting stretch. Nurses tie this to DCM's systolic flop, anticipating meds like ACE inhibitors, a fit for this stretched-out heart.

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