Nokea
Most oxygen in the blood is transported
- A. as gas dissolved in plasma
- B. as oxyhemoglobin
- C. as carboxyhemoglobin
- D. as bicarbonate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: as oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen is primarily carried in the blood by binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. This allows for efficient transport of oxygen to tissues. Choice A is incorrect because only a small amount of oxygen is dissolved in plasma. Choice C is incorrect as carboxyhemoglobin refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin, not oxygen. Choice D is incorrect as the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, not oxygen.
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When you swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening to the
- A. pharynx.
- B. esophagus.
- C. larynx.
- D. bronchus.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: larynx. When you swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening to the larynx to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway and instead directs it towards the esophagus. The epiglottis acts as a protective mechanism to ensure that food goes down the correct pathway. Choices A (pharynx), B (esophagus), and D (bronchus) are incorrect because the epiglottis does not directly cover the opening to these structures during swallowing. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the larynx and the airway during the swallowing process.
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
- A. greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
- B. less than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
- C. equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
- D. equal to the sum of partial pressures from carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the partial pressure of oxygen decreases with increasing altitude due to the decrease in atmospheric pressure. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is higher, resulting in a higher partial pressure of oxygen compared to the top of Mt. Everest. Choice B is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen is not higher at higher altitudes. Choice C is incorrect because the partial pressure of oxygen is not equal at sea level and Mt. Everest. Choice D is incorrect because the question specifically asks about the partial pressure of oxygen only, not the sum of partial pressures from other gases.
What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in the human body?
- A. Breakdown of carbohydrates
- B. Regulation of blood sugar levels
- C. Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
- D. Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance in the body by catalyzing the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is crucial in regulating pH levels in various bodily fluids.
A: Breakdown of carbohydrates - This is not the primary function of carbonic anhydrase. Carbohydrate breakdown is primarily carried out by enzymes like amylase and sucrase.
B: Regulation of blood sugar levels - Carbonic anhydrase does not play a direct role in regulating blood sugar levels, which is mainly controlled by insulin and glucagon.
C: Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs - While carbonic anhydrase indirectly affects gas exchange by regulating blood pH, its primary function is not to facilitate gas exchange in the lungs.
The ED nurse is assessing a patient complaining of dyspnea. The nurse auscultates the patient's chest and hears wheezing throughout the lung fields. What might this indicate?
- A. The patient has a narrowed airway.
- B. The patient has pneumonia.
- C. The patient needs physiotherapy.
- D. The patient has a hemothorax.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The patient has a narrowed airway. Wheezing throughout the lung fields indicates the presence of narrowed airways, often due to conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Wheezing is caused by turbulent airflow through narrowed airways, leading to a high-pitched whistling sound during expiration. This is a characteristic finding in patients with obstructive airway diseases.
Summary of other choices:
B: The patient having pneumonia would typically present with symptoms like fever, cough, and consolidation on auscultation, not wheezing.
C: The patient needing physiotherapy may have respiratory muscle weakness or secretion clearance issues but would not typically present with wheezing throughout lung fields.
D: The presence of a hemothorax (blood in the pleural space) would manifest as decreased breath sounds and signs of respiratory distress but not wheezing.
A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas results of a client and notes the following: pH 7.45, PCO2 30, HCO3 20. The nurse analyzes these results as indicating which condition?
- A. Metabolic acidosis, compensated
- B. Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated
- C. Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated
- D. Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated. The pH is elevated (alkalosis) at 7.45. The low PCO2 of 30 indicates respiratory alkalosis. The HCO3 level of 20 is slightly below normal, indicating metabolic compensation. The body has compensated for the respiratory alkalosis by reducing the HCO3 level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the given ABG results. A (Metabolic acidosis, compensated) would have low pH and HCO3 levels. C (Metabolic alkalosis, uncompensated) would have high pH and HCO3 levels. D (Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated) would have high PCO2 and low pH.