Nokea
Nurse Carlos teaches a community adult class about the common symptoms of tuberculosis. Which of the following should Nurse Carlos include?
- A. weight loss
- B. dyspnea on exertion
- C. increased appetite
- D. mental status changes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nurse Carlos should include weight loss as one of the common symptoms of tuberculosis. Unintentional weight loss is a classic symptom seen in individuals with active tuberculosis infection. This weight loss is often accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and fatigue. It is important for Nurse Carlos to educate the community about this symptom as it can be a key indicator for seeking medical evaluation and treatment for tuberculosis. Dyspnea on exertion, increased appetite, and mental status changes are not typically common symptoms associated with tuberculosis.
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Nurse Raymond is handling a group of student nurses and he is teaching them about fluids and electrolytes. He is correct when he says that a substance moves from an area of higher concentration, this is:
- A. osmosis
- B. filtration
- C. diffusion
- D. active transport
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the context of fluids and electrolytes, this process plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these substances in the body. Nurse Raymond is correct in stating that diffusion is the mechanism by which substances move down their concentration gradient. Osmosis involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, filtration is the process of separating substances based on size through a filtering mechanism, and active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
The nurse evaluates a certified nursing assistant. Which of the following actions by the CAN demonstrates understanding of standard precautions?
- A. Wears gloves during all client contact
- B. Cleans blood spills with soap and water
- C. Pours bulk blood and other secretions down a drain connected to a sanitary sewer
- D. Carries blood sample to the lab in an open basket
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct action that demonstrates understanding of standard precautions is wearing gloves during all client contact. Standard precautions are designed to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from both recognized and unrecognized sources of infection. Wearing gloves during client contact helps protect both the patient and the healthcare worker from potential infection transmission through contact with bodily fluids, skin, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. Cleaning blood spills with soap and water is also part of standard precautions to prevent the spread of infection. However, pouring bulk blood and other secretions down a drain connected to a sanitary sewer and carrying a blood sample to the lab in an open basket do not align with standard precautions and could pose infection control risks.
the best prophylactic treatment to prevent further rheumatic fever attack:
- A. prednisone
- B. aspirin
- C. penicillin
- D. paracetamol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best prophylactic treatment to prevent further rheumatic fever attacks is penicillin. Penicillin is recommended for long-term secondary prophylaxis to prevent the recurrence of acute rheumatic fever and reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease. It helps to eradicate streptococcal infections, which are the underlying cause of rheumatic fever. Prednisone, aspirin, and paracetamol are not used for primary or secondary prevention of rheumatic fever.
A 5-year-old child, recently diagnosed with ileocecal Burkitt lymphoma; lab investigations reveal: serum uric acid 12 mg/dl, serum sodium, 145 meq/dl; serum potassium, 4.5 meq/dl; serum phosphate 4.4 meq/dl; serum calcium, 8.9 mg/dl; blood urea, 22 mg/dl; serum creatinine, 0.8 mg/dl. Of the following, the MOST effective treatment is
- A. excessive hydration
- B. sodium bicarbonate
- C. xanthine oxidase inhibitor
- D. recombinant urate oxidase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) effectively lowers uric acid levels in cases of tumor lysis syndrome.
Cherry, the mother of an 11-month-old girl, Elizabeth, is in the clinic for her daughter's immunizations. She expresses concern to the nurse that Elizabeth cannot yet walk. The nurse correctly replies that, according to the Denver Developmental Screen, the median age for walking is:
- A. 12 months.
- B. 15 months.
- C. 10 months.
- D. 14 months.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Denver Developmental Screening Test states that the median age for walking is around 12 months. This means that about half of all typically developing children will begin to walk by this age. It is important to note that there is a wide range of normal development, and not all children will hit these milestones at the same time. If Cherry's 11-month-old daughter, Elizabeth, is not yet walking, it does not necessarily indicate a developmental delay as long as she is meeting other milestones within a reasonable timeframe.