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Nurse Johnson is working with Mr. Parker, who is struggling with a resting tremor in his right hand due to Parkinson's disease. Understanding how this symptom can be disruptive, Nurse Johnson offers a practical suggestion to help manage the tremor. What advice should Nurse Johnson give to Mr. Parker?
- A. Engage in deep breathing exercises.
- B. Grasp an object in his hand.
- C. Immerse in a warm bath.
- D. Use diazepam when necessary.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Grasping an object can help reduce the visibility and impact of resting tremors in PD patients.
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Your 30-year-old male reports difficulty maintaining balance and coordination for the past three weeks. He denies headache, blurred vision, or change in the level of consciousness. You perform a Romberg test to assess cerebellar function. Your patient should:
- A. Maintain balance if standing with feet together with eyes open and eyes closed
- B. Maintain balance if sitting with eyes closed
- C. Maintain balance if standing with feet separated and eyes closed
- D. Maintain balance if sitting with eyes open
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Romberg test assesses cerebellar function and proprioception. A patient with normal cerebellar function should maintain balance with feet together and eyes open or closed. Loss of balance with eyes closed suggests a proprioceptive deficit.
A patient receives spinal anesthesia with lidocaine (Xylocaine) and epinephrine (Adrenalin). You explain that epinephrine is used with lidocaine for which of the following reasons?
- A. Decreases the risk for a spinal headache
- B. Reduces the risk for infection
- C. Prolongs the anesthetic effects
- D. Prevents respiratory depression
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Injecting epinephrine with lidocaine for local or regional anesthesia extends the duration of the regional anesthesia. Epinephrine will not
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata are housed in the:
- A. diencephalon
- B. hypothalamus
- C. brain stem
- D. pineal gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are parts of the brain stem, which controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. The diencephalon, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and cerebellum are separate structures. Therefore, C is the correct answer.
In the UK, two tests of speed of information processing, verbal memory tests (list learning and story recall), and visual memory tests (design learning and figure recall) is known as:
- A. The Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB).
- B. The Information Processing test (IPT).
- C. The Adult Executive Function Scale (AEFS).
- D. The Memory Battery (MB).
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB) is a comprehensive neuropsychological test used in the UK to assess memory and information processing abilities. It includes tests of verbal memory (e.g., list learning, story recall) and visual memory (e.g., design learning, figure recall), as well as measures of processing speed. This battery is widely used to evaluate cognitive functioning in individuals with neurological disorders or brain injuries.
Muscle tone is reduced by:
- A. lower motor neurone lesion
- B. curare
- C. cerebellar lesion
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Muscle tone is reduced by lower motor neuron lesions (flaccidity), curare (which blocks neuromuscular transmission), and cerebellar lesions (hypotonia). All these conditions lead to decreased muscle tone.