Nokea
Nurse Williams is conducting a seminar on dementia for the staff at the senior care facility. She emphasizes the importance of understanding the most prevalent causes of dementia in the elderly population. Which condition does Nurse Williams identify as the most common cause of dementia among elderly individuals?
- A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- B. Alzheimer's disease
- C. Multiple sclerosis
- D. Parkinson's disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline.
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The presence of Parkinsonism suggests damage to the following:
- A. caudate nucleus
- B. black substance
- C. cerebellar
- D. frontal lobe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Black substance (substantia nigra) is the correct answer because Parkinsonism is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This leads to the classic symptoms of tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity due to the loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which regulates movement.
The anal reflex mainly depends on which segment
- A. S1
- B. S2
- C. S3
- D. S4
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The anal reflex tests the S3 and S4 nerve roots, which innervate the external anal sphincter. This reflex is important in assessing sacral nerve function.
Which of the following receptors does not span the cell membrane 7 times
- A. beta-Adrenergic receptor
- B. Rhodopsin
- C. 5-HTic receptor
- D. Mineralocorticoid receptor
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The mineralocorticoid receptor is an intracellular receptor that does not span the cell membrane. It belongs to the steroid hormone receptor family and acts as a transcription factor after binding to its ligand. In contrast, beta-adrenergic receptors, rhodopsin, 5-HTic receptors, and LH receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that span the membrane seven times.
Which amino acids are needed in higher amounts in patients with pressure ulcers?
- A. lysine and tyrosine
- B. tyrosine and valine
- C. arginine and glutamine
- D. valine and cysteine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Arginine and glutamine are essential amino acids that play a critical role in wound healing. Arginine promotes collagen synthesis and immune function, while glutamine supports cell proliferation and tissue repair, making them vital for patients with pressure ulcers.
The nurse is assessing a patient's pupils for reactivity to light. Which cranial nerve (CN) is being tested?
- A. CN III
- B. CN IV
- C. CN VI
- D. CN XII
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) controls pupil constriction and is tested when assessing pupillary reactivity to light. Cranial nerves IV, VI, and XII control eye movement and tongue movement but are not directly involved in pupillary reflexes. Testing CN III is essential for evaluating brainstem function.