Nokea
One criterion identified by the American College of Rheumatology for a diagnosis of fibromyalgia is
- A. Fiber atrophy found on muscle biopsy
- B. Elimination of all other causes of musculoskeletal pain
- C. The presence of the manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome
- D. The elicitation of pain on palpation of at least 11 of 18 identified tender points
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tender points are diagnostic for fibromyalgia.
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A patient who is severely brain damaged has decerebrate posturing with extended extremities. In which area of the brain should the nurse suspect the patient has sustained damage?
- A. Cerebrum
- B. Brain stem
- C. Cerebellum
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Decerebrate posturing, characterized by extended extremities, indicates damage to the brainstem, particularly the midbrain or pons. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus are not directly associated with this type of posturing. Recognizing decerebrate posturing is critical for assessing the severity of brain injury.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known _________.
- A. postsynaptic receptors
- B. enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters
- C. drugs of abuse
- D. neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known neurotransmitters that play critical roles in the nervous system. Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory, and learning, while norepinephrine regulates attention, arousal, and stress responses. These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering electrical signals that propagate neural communication. Their proper functioning is essential for normal brain and body activities.
You are preparing a nursing care plan for the patient with SCI including the nursing diagnoses Impaired Physical Mobility and Self-Care Deficit. The patient tells you, 'I don't know why we're doing all this. My life's over.' What additional nursing diagnosis takes priority based on this statement?
- A. Risk for Injury related to altered mobility
- B. Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements
- C. Impaired Adjustment to Spinal Cord Injury
- D. Poor Body Image related to immobilization
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This statement reflects a need for psychological support and adjustment to the injury.
Nerve impulses create a change in voltage which is measured by and can be seen on a(n) ________.
- A. stethoscope
- B. electrocardiogram
- C. oscilloscope
- D. laparoscope
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An oscilloscope is a device used to measure and display changes in voltage over time, making it ideal for visualizing nerve impulses. When a nerve impulse occurs, it creates a rapid change in membrane potential, which can be recorded as a waveform on the oscilloscope. This tool is commonly used in neuroscience research to study the electrical activity of neurons and understand how nerve impulses are generated and propagated.
How do spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) differ from cranial nerves (CNs)?
- A. Only spinal nerves occur in pairs.
- B. CNs affect only the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.
- C. Cell bodies of all CNs are located in the brain whereas cell bodies of spinal nerves are located in the spinal cord.
- D. All spinal nerves contain both afferent sensory and efferent motor fibers whereas CNs contain one or the other or both.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Spinal nerves always contain both sensory and motor fibers, while cranial nerves can vary.