Nokea
Oxygen dissociation curve shows the relation between
- A. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Oxygen tension
- B. Oxyhemoglobin saturation and Carbon dioxide level
- C. Oxyhemoglobin formation and dissociation
- D. Partial pressure of Oxygen and Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The oxygen dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between oxyhemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension. As oxygen tension increases, hemoglobin binds more oxygen until it becomes fully saturated. Option A is correct as it accurately describes this relationship. Option B is incorrect because carbon dioxide level does not directly affect the oxygen-hemoglobin binding. Option C is incorrect as it does not reflect the relationship shown by the curve. Option D is incorrect because it mixes the variables of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are not directly related in the oxygen dissociation curve.
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the alveolar air is respectively
- A. 16 % and 4%
- B. 19.8 % and 4.6 %
- C. 21 % and 4%
- D. 13.1 % and 5 %
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (13.1% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide). In the alveolar air, the oxygen concentration is around 13.1%, which is lower than atmospheric air (21%) due to gas exchange in the lungs. The carbon dioxide concentration in alveolar air is around 5%, higher than atmospheric air (0.04%). Choices A, B, and C have oxygen concentrations higher than what is found in alveolar air, making them incorrect. Choice B also has a carbon dioxide concentration higher than what is typically found in alveolar air, making it incorrect.
A nurse teaches a client who is prescribed nicotine replacement therapy. Which statement should the nurse include in this client's teaching?
- A. Make a list of reasons why smoking is a bad habit.
- B. Rise slowly when getting out of bed in the morning.
- C. Smoking while taking this medication will increase your risk of a stroke.
- D. Stopping this medication suddenly increases your risk for a heart attack.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Smoking while taking nicotine replacement therapy can increase the risk of a stroke due to the combination of nicotine intake from smoking and the therapy. This is important for the client to understand to avoid potential serious health complications.
A: Making a list of reasons why smoking is bad is not directly related to the client's use of nicotine replacement therapy.
B: Rising slowly when getting out of bed is a general safety measure and not specific to nicotine replacement therapy.
D: Stopping nicotine replacement therapy suddenly does not increase the risk for a heart attack; rather, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
An older adult is brought to the emergency department by a family member who reports a moderate change in mental status and mild cough. The client is afebrile. The primary health care provider orders a chest x-ray. The family member questions why this is needed since the symptoms seem so vague. What response by the nurse is best?
- A. Chest x-rays are always ordered when we suspect pneumonia.
- B. Older people often have vague symptoms, so an x-ray is essential.
- C. The x-ray can be done and read before laboratory work is reported.
- D. We are testing for any possible source of infection in the client.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because older adults often present with atypical or vague symptoms when they have an underlying infection, including pneumonia. It is crucial to assess for pneumonia in older adults promptly because they may not exhibit classic signs like fever. An x-ray is essential to confirm or rule out pneumonia as it allows for visualization of lung abnormalities.
Choice A is incorrect because not all older adults with vague symptoms automatically have pneumonia, and ordering a chest x-ray is based on clinical judgment. Choice C is incorrect as the timing of the x-ray in relation to laboratory work is not the primary reason for ordering it. Choice D is incorrect because the x-ray is specifically to assess for pneumonia, not for general infection sources.
During hyperpnea:
- A. only the internal intercostal muscles contract.
- B. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
- C. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
- D. both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: During hyperpnea, which is increased rate and depth of breathing, both inspiration and expiration require muscular contractions. Inspiration involves the diaphragm contracting and external intercostal muscles expanding the rib cage, while expiration involves the internal intercostal muscles contracting to decrease the thoracic cavity volume. This increased muscular effort is necessary to meet the increased oxygen demand of the body during hyperpnea. Options A and C are incorrect as they incorrectly describe either inspiration or expiration as passive. Option B is incorrect as it inaccurately states that expiration is passive, which is not the case during hyperpnea.
The 79-year-old patient with bacterial pneumonia becomes increasingly restless, confused,
and agitated. The patient’s temperature is 100° F, and his pulse, blood pressure, and
respirations are elevated since the last assessment 6 hours ago. What action should the nurse
take first?
- A. Auscultate the patient's lungs.
- B. Assess the patient's oxygen saturation.
- C. Administer the mild sedative as ordered.
- D. Administer an ordered analgesic for discomfort.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assess the patient's oxygen saturation first. In a patient with bacterial pneumonia showing signs of restlessness, confusion, and agitation along with elevated vital signs, the priority is to assess oxygen saturation to rule out hypoxemia. Hypoxemia can lead to cognitive changes and increased agitation in older adults. Administering a sedative (choice C) or an analgesic (choice D) without addressing the underlying hypoxemia can worsen the patient's condition. Auscultating the lungs (choice A) is important but should come after assessing oxygen saturation to prioritize immediate interventions.