Nokea
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is
- A. 1,000mm Hg.
- B. 760mm Hg.
- C. 540mm Hg.
- D. 400mm Hg.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically around 760mm Hg, which is equivalent to 101.3 kilopascals. This is the standard atmospheric pressure used in various scientific calculations. This value represents the pressure exerted by the weight of air above a given area at sea level. Choice B is correct because it accurately reflects the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not match the accepted value for atmospheric pressure at sea level.
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The maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced inhalation is called?
- A. vital capacity
- B. tidal volume
- C. Total lung capacity
- D. inspiratory capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Total lung capacity. This term refers to the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold after a full forced inhalation. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume. Vital capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs. Tidal volume (B) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, not the maximum volume. Inspiratory capacity (D) is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, not the maximum volume of air contained in the lungs.
Which condition contributes to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing pulmonary capillary and alveolar damage?
- A. COPD
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this case, the correct answer should be D, as pulmonary embolism can lead to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing damage to the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, resulting in increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
Although carbon dioxide is normally carried by hemoglobin, the fact that carbon monoxide reduces hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity would indicate that
- A. different hemoglobins carry different gases.
- B. carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin.
- C. binding of different gases is directed by a variety of enzymes.
- D. carbon dioxide is an abnormal gas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This is known as competitive inhibition. Other choices are incorrect because different hemoglobins do not carry different gases (A), binding of gases is not directed by enzymes in this context (C), and carbon dioxide is a normal gas in the body (D).
A patient who has successfully been treated for a pulmonary embolism is about to be discharged. How can he lower the risk of experiencing another pulmonary embolism?
- A. Avoid sitting and standing for too long and do not cross legs.
- B. Take vitamin K with heparin.
- C. Avoid confined spaces.
- D. Jog 5 miles each day.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Avoiding prolonged immobility and crossing legs reduces the risk of venous thrombosis. B is incorrect because vitamin K antagonizes heparin. C (avoiding confined spaces) is unrelated. D (jogging) is beneficial but not directly preventive.
In addition to heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature, the nurse needs to assess a patient's arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). What procedure will best accomplish this?
- A. Incentive spirometry
- B. Arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement
- C. Peak flow measurement
- D. Pulse oximetry
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of measuring SaO2 by using a sensor attached to a patient's fingertip, earlobe, or toe.
Step 2: It provides immediate and continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation levels in the blood, making it an efficient and reliable method.
Step 3: Pulse oximetry is widely used in clinical settings due to its accuracy and convenience.
Step 4: In contrast, the other options are not direct methods for assessing SaO2. Incentive spirometry helps improve lung function, ABG measures blood pH and gases, and peak flow measures airflow in the lungs.