Nokea
Oxytocin ________.
- A. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
- B. is an adenohypophyseal secretion
- C. exerts its most important effects during menstruation
- D. controls milk production
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because oxytocin release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism. When oxytocin is released during childbirth, it stimulates contractions, which in turn lead to more oxytocin release, creating a positive feedback loop. This helps in the progression of labor.
Choice B is incorrect because oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone, not an adenohypophyseal secretion. Choice C is incorrect as oxytocin's main effects are related to labor, delivery, and lactation, not menstruation. Choice D is incorrect because oxytocin primarily controls uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding, not milk production itself.
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Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
- A. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
- B. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
- C. travel by arteries to the pituitary
- D. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones from the hypothalamus first enter the hypophyseal portal system before reaching the pituitary gland. This system allows direct communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, enabling precise control over hormone release. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the normal pathway of hormone regulation from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. Option A is incorrect as hormones do not travel to the heart before reaching the pituitary. Option B is incorrect because hormones do not enter the hepatic portal system to reach the pituitary. Option C is incorrect as hormones do not travel to the pituitary through arteries.
What significant side effect of terazosin should the doctor warn a 69-year-old male patient about?
- A. Bronchospasm
- B. Postural hypotension
- C. Heart failure
- D. Sedation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Postural hypotension. Terazosin is an alpha-1 blocker used to treat hypertension and BPH. Postural hypotension is a common side effect due to vasodilation, causing a sudden drop in blood pressure when changing positions. This side effect can lead to dizziness, fainting, and falls, especially in elderly patients. Bronchospasm (A) is not a common side effect of terazosin. Heart failure (C) is not a typical side effect and is unlikely with proper monitoring. Sedation (D) is not a significant side effect of terazosin.
Which tracheal rings are generally related to isthmus?
- A. 1st and 2nd
- B. 1st, 2nd and 3rd
- C. 2nd and 3rd
- D. 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
The isthmus of the thyroid gland is located between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings. These rings provide support to the trachea and help maintain its shape. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Summary of other choices:
A: 1st and 2nd - Incorrect, as the isthmus is not related to the 1st tracheal ring.
B: 1st, 2nd and 3rd - Incorrect, as the isthmus is only between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings.
D: 2nd, 3rd and 4th - Incorrect, as the isthmus does not extend to the 4th tracheal ring.
Adam has just been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The most common presenting sign is:
- A. Body wasting.
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Hypoglycemia.
- D. Increase in urination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus is polyuria (excessive urination), which occurs due to the kidney's inability to concentrate urine.
Which of the following glands can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Thymus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) into the small intestine to aid in digestion, and it also releases hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine function) into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.
Rationale:
1. The thyroid gland (choice A) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.
2. The thymus gland (choice B) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in immune function, producing hormones that regulate T cell development.
3. The pituitary gland (choice D) is known as the master gland and is purely endocrine, controlling various hormonal functions in the body.
In summary, the pancreas uniquely exhibits both endocrine and exocrine functions, making it the correct choice.