Nokea
Patient teaching related to amlodipine includes:
- A. Increase calcium intake to prevent osteoporosis from a calcium blockade.
- B. Do not crush the tablet; it must be given in liquid form if the patient has trouble swallowing it.
- C. Avoid grapefruit juice as it affects the metabolism of this drug.
- D. Rise slowly from a supine position to reduce orthostatic hypotension.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4, increasing amlodipine levels.
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Nicotine gum products are:
- A. Chewed to release the nicotine and then swallowed for a systemic effect
- B. Parked' in the buccal area of the mouth to produce a constant amount of nicotine release
- C. Bound to exchange resins so the nicotine is only released during chewing
- D. Approximately the same in nicotine content as smoking two cigarettes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nicotine gum is parked buccally for steady release.
A 75-year-old woman with diabetes is taking an oral antidiabetic drug. One day she goes without eating for 18 \mathrm{~h}. Her serum glucose concentration is 48 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL} (hypoglycemic) upon arrival at the emergency department, where she is deemed to be in critical condition. Which of the following drugs most likely aggravated this fasting hypoglycemia?
- A. Acarbose
- B. Glyburide
- C. Metformin
- D. Pioglitazone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glyburide, a sulfonylurea, can cause severe hypoglycemia, especially during fasting, due to prolonged insulin release.
All are true except
- A. Acidic drugs bind to albumin & basic to acid glucoprotein
- B. All drugs have the same binding sites and mev compete for them
- C. Increased dosage will cause decrease in free drug in plasma throughout the therapeutic range
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acidic drugs bind albumin, basic drugs bind alpha-1-acid glycoprotein; binding sites differ, and increased dosage increases free drug levels.
Which is the most important drug in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning?
- A. Atropine sulfate
- B. Pralidoxime
- C. Diazepam
- D. Adrenaline
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atropine sulfate is the most critical initial treatment for organophosphate poisoning, counteracting muscarinic effects like bronchorrhea and bradycardia, while pralidoxime regenerates cholinesterase later.
Vincristine toxicity frequently presents as:
- A. Anemia
- B. Neutropenia
- C. Thrombocytopenia
- D. Polyneuritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vincristine commonly causes neurotoxicity, including polyneuritis.