Nokea
Peptidoglycan is typically found in the:
- A. cell wall
- B. plasma membrane
- C. nucleus
- D. endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peptidoglycan is a major component of bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and protection. The correct answer is A because peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria. The cell wall is crucial for maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell and protecting it from external stresses. The plasma membrane (choice B) is primarily composed of phospholipids and proteins, not peptidoglycan. The nucleus (choice C) is found in eukaryotic cells and contains genetic material, not peptidoglycan. The endoplasmic reticulum (choice D) is an organelle involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, but it does not contain peptidoglycan. Therefore, the correct answer is A as peptidoglycan is typically found in the cell wall of bacteria.
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The branch of pharmacology that addresses drug amounts at various sites in the body after drug administration is called:
- A. pharmacodynamics
- B. pharmacokinetics
- C. pharmacotherapeutics
- D. pharmacy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It focuses on how the body processes a drug over time. Pharmacodynamics (A) is the study of the effects drugs have on the body. Pharmacotherapeutics (C) involves using drugs to treat diseases. Pharmacy (D) is the practice of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacokinetics specifically deals with drug concentrations at different body sites after administration, making it the most appropriate choice for this question.
Which of the following food media can be used for cultivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- A. Blood agar
- B. MacConkey agar
- C. Peptone water
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood agar. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a fastidious bacterium that requires enriched media for growth. Blood agar provides the necessary nutrients and growth factors for the cultivation of S. pneumoniae, such as blood proteins and hemin. MacConkey agar (B) is selective for gram-negative bacteria and would not support the growth of S. pneumoniae. Peptone water (C) is a liquid medium that lacks the necessary nutrients for the growth of S. pneumoniae. Choice D is incorrect as blood agar is a suitable medium for cultivating S. pneumoniae.
When doctors of a sanitary and epidemiologic institution examine employees of public catering establishments they often reveal asymptomatic parasitosis, that is when a healthy person is a carrier of cysts that infect other people. What causative agent can parasitize in such a way?
- A. Dysenteric amoeba
- B. Malarial plasmodium
- C. Enteral trichomonad
- D. Dermatotropic leishmania
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysenteric amoeba. This is because dysenteric amoebas can cause asymptomatic parasitosis, where a healthy person carries cysts that can infect others. Dysenteric amoebas are known to infect the intestines and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water.
Choice B, Malarial plasmodium, causes malaria transmitted through mosquitoes. Choice C, Enteral trichomonad, causes diarrhea and is transmitted through contaminated water. Choice D, Dermatotropic leishmania, causes skin lesions and is transmitted through sandfly bites. These choices do not fit the scenario of asymptomatic parasitosis in public catering establishments.
The complex of all biological processes/mechanisms is responsible for the state of steady internal, physical, chemical conditions in the living systems and defense against all foreign agents is known as:
- A. Infection
- B. Commensalism
- C. Immunity
- D. Homeostasis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C - Immunity):
1. Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend against foreign agents.
2. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions, not specifically related to defense.
3. Infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogens, not the overall defense mechanism.
4. Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits without harming the other.
What is the function of bacterial ribosomes?
- A. DNA replication
- B. Protein synthesis
- C. Energy production
- D. Cell division
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein synthesis. Bacterial ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic information from mRNA into proteins. This process involves the binding of transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids to the ribosome and the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids to create proteins. DNA replication (A) is carried out by DNA polymerase enzymes, not ribosomes. Energy production (C) is primarily the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and cell division (D) is regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways, not ribosomes.