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Plasma concentration of drug at time 0 is 96(g/ml). If t½ is 2 hours concentration in plasma at 10 hours will be
- A. 48
- B. 24
- C. 12
- D. 3
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In first-order kinetics, the concentration halves every half-life (t½ = 2 hours). At 10 hours (5 half-lives), 96 → 48 → 24 → 12 → 6 → 3 µg/ml.
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Phase IV clinical trials in the United States are also known as:
- A. Human bioavailability trials
- B. Post marketing research
- C. Human safety and efficacy studies
- D. The last stage of animal trials before the human trials begin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phase IV is post-marketing research , monitoring drugs after approval, unlike earlier phases or animal studies.
When assessing a patient before starting a drug regimen, why would the nurse consider it important to assess baseline kidney function?
- A. To anticipate adverse effects of drugs
- B. To determine patient's baseline electrolyte levels
- C. To determine patient's ability to excrete the drug
- D. To determine patient's ability to metabolize the drug
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kidney function determines drug excretion, critical for dosing and avoiding toxicity.
A nurse is providing teaching to a client who has a new prescription for Buspirone to treat Anxiety. Which of the following information should the nurse include?
- A. Take this medication on an empty stomach
- B. Expect optimal therapeutic effects within 24 hr.
- C. Take this medication when needed for anxiety
- D. This medication has a low risk for dependency.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Buspirone has a low dependency risk , unlike benzodiazepines; it takes weeks to work, not PRN.
Dwayne has recently started on carbamazepine to treat seizures. He comes to see you and you note that while his carbamazepine levels had been in the therapeutic range, they are now low. The possible cause for the low carbamazepine levels include:
- A. Dwayne hasn't been taking his carbamazepine because it causes insomnia.
- B. Carbamazepine auto-induces metabolism, leading to lower levels in spite of good compliance.
- C. Dwayne was not originally prescribed the correct amount of carbamazepine.
- D. Carbamazepine is probably not the right antiseizure medication for Dwayne.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carbamazepine induces its own metabolism (auto-induction), reducing levels over time.
Which of the following glucocorticoid is used for intra-articular injection for treatment of arthrites:
- A. Triamcinolon
- B. Budesonide
- C. Prednisolon
- D. Hydrocortison
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Triamcinolone is commonly used for intra-articular injections due to its potent anti-inflammatory effects in treating arthritis.