Nokea
Pralidoxime is a cholinesterase reactivator used in the treatment of toxicity by:
- A. Atropine
- B. Nicotine
- C. Organic phosphate
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Organic phosphate. Pralidoxime is used to treat toxicity caused by organophosphates, which inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the inhibited cholinesterase enzymes, restoring their function. Atropine is used to counteract the effects of excessive acetylcholine in cholinergic toxicity, not organophosphate poisoning. Nicotine is a nicotinic receptor agonist and not treated with pralidoxime. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant and does not involve cholinesterase inhibition. Therefore, the correct answer is C as pralidoxime is specifically used to treat toxicity caused by organophosphates.
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A nurse finds that before lunch a diabetic client is having signs of hypoglycemia. The accucheck is 54. How many grams of carbohydrates should the nurse give immediately to the client?
- A. 20 grams
- B. 15 grams
- C. 10 grams
- D. 5 grams
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For hypoglycemia (blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL), the nurse should give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates to quickly raise the blood glucose level.
Which of the following is the most important effect of somatotropic hormone?
- A. Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium
- B. Growth of the musculoskeletal system
- C. Regulation of sodium and water balance
- D. Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Growth of the musculoskeletal system. Somatotropic hormone, also known as growth hormone, plays a crucial role in stimulating growth and development of bones, muscles, and tissues. It promotes the growth of the musculoskeletal system by stimulating the production of proteins that are essential for muscle and bone growth. This effect is the most important function of somatotropic hormone as it directly impacts overall body growth and physical development.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium - This is not a primary function of somatotropic hormone. Calcium regulation is mainly controlled by other hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
C: Regulation of sodium and water balance - This function is primarily controlled by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, not somatotropic hormone.
D: Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy - Labor initiation is regulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, not somat
The antagonistic hormone to calcitonin is _____.
- A. thyroxine.
- B. growth hormone.
- C. insulin.
- D. parathyroid hormone.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption. Thus, they have opposite effects on calcium regulation, making parathyroid hormone the antagonistic hormone to calcitonin. Thyroxine (A), growth hormone (B), and insulin (C) do not directly oppose the action of calcitonin in regulating calcium levels.
On swallowing, the food leaves the mouth as a round mass called a bolus, into which structure does it pass?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Oesophagus
- C. Stomach
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oesophagus. After swallowing, the food bolus passes through the pharynx and enters the oesophagus, a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The oesophagus helps transport the bolus to the stomach for further digestion. The pharynx is a common pathway for both food and air, but the food should not enter the trachea (D) as it leads to the lungs, causing choking. The stomach (C) is the final destination for the food bolus after passing through the oesophagus.
Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
- A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.
Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords.
Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth.
Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed:
- B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes.
- C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair.
- D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair.
Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.