Nokea
Regarding protein metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. increases the respiratory quotient to values > 1.0
- B. has a specific dynamic action (SDA) of approximately 10%
- C. endogenous protein breakdown is inhibited by glucagon
- D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation. Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is relatively constant even during starvation when muscle breakdown occurs. A: Incorrect, as increasing respiratory quotient > 1.0 indicates excessive carbohydrate utilization. B: Incorrect, SDA is the energy used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, not specific to protein metabolism. C: Incorrect, glucagon stimulates protein breakdown to release amino acids for energy during fasting.
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Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT __________.
- A. the brain
- B. skeletal muscle
- C. the myocardium
- D. adipose tissue
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insulin enhances glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter proteins to the cell membrane. The brain does not require insulin for glucose uptake as it has a specialized transporter. Skeletal muscle, myocardium, and adipose tissue all rely on insulin for increased glucose transport. Therefore, the correct answer is A. The other choices (B, C, and D) are incorrect as they all depend on insulin to enhance glucose transport in their respective tissues.
Hormone release stops when the stimulus that triggered it – like thirst or high blood sugar is satisfied or corrected. This is called:
- A. positive feedback system
- B. negative feedback system
- C. lock and key system
- D. solar system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: negative feedback system. In a negative feedback system, the body's response to a stimulus works to counteract the initial stimulus, bringing the body back to its set point. In the context of the question, hormone release stops when the stimulus is satisfied, which is characteristic of a negative feedback system. A: Positive feedback system amplifies the initial stimulus rather than counteracting it. C: Lock and key system refers to how enzymes bind to specific substrates, not related to hormone regulation. D: Solar system is unrelated to physiological processes.
Which patient's nursing care would be most appropriate for the charge nurse to assign to the LPN, under the supervision of the RN team leader?
- A. A 51-year-old patient with bilateral adrenalectomy just returned from the post-anesthesia care unit
- B. An 83-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- C. A 38-year-old patient with myocardial infarction who is preparing for discharge
- D. A 72-year-old patient admitted from long-term care with mental status changes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The care of a patient who just returned from surgery (bilateral adrenalectomy) is appropriate for an LPN under supervision, as it requires monitoring for complications and maintaining patient stability.
Which of the following is least characteristic of the function of insulin?
- A. Increases glucose transport (into the cell).
- B. Suppresses gluconeogenesis.
- C. Lowers blood glucose.
- D. Increases the generation of ketone bodies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because insulin does not increase the generation of ketone bodies. Insulin actually inhibits ketogenesis by promoting glucose utilization and storage, preventing the breakdown of fats for energy. A, B, and C are all characteristics of insulin's function: A) Insulin increases glucose transport into the cell to lower blood glucose levels; B) It suppresses gluconeogenesis, the production of new glucose in the liver; C) Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in cells.
Which row shows the correct order of reactivity for the elements?
- A. silver, calcium, carbon, potassium
- B. silver, carbon, calcium, potassium
- C. sodium, hydrogen, zinc, gold
- D. sodium, zinc, hydrogen, gold
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct order of reactivity for elements is based on their tendency to lose electrons. In this case, sodium is the most reactive as it readily loses an electron to form a stable ion. Zinc is less reactive compared to sodium but more reactive than hydrogen and gold. Hydrogen is less reactive than both zinc and sodium. Gold is the least reactive among the options given. Therefore, the correct order of reactivity is sodium > zinc > hydrogen > gold, which matches option D. Choices A, B, and C do not follow the correct order of reactivity for the elements listed, making them incorrect.