Structures involved in colour vision include:
- A. parvocellular pathway
- B. superficial layer 4C of visual cortex
- C. superior colliculi
- D. geniculate layers 1-2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parvocellular pathway is primarily responsible for colour vision and high spatial resolution. The superior colliculi and geniculate layers 1-2 are not directly involved in colour processing.
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What is the primary medicinal treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?
- A. oral anticholinesterase drugs
- B. retrodopa
- C. high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin
- D. high-dose intravenous vitamin C
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the primary treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome. It helps modulate the immune response and reduce the severity of symptoms by neutralizing harmful antibodies.
A client is admitted with a head injury. To monitor hypothalamic function, the nurse should monitor what parameters?
- A. Temp and urinary output
- B. Gastric aspirate and BP
- C. Heart rate and pupillary responses
- D. Respiratory rate and skin integrity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus regulates body temperature and fluid balance, making temperature and urinary output key parameters to monitor in head injury patients. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to disorders like diabetes insipidus or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), affecting fluid balance and temperature regulation.
What is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain called?
- A. pia mater
- B. arachnoid mater
- C. dura mater
- D. alma mater
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, dura mater. The dura mater is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain, providing a tough protective layer. Pia mater (A) is the innermost layer, while arachnoid mater (B) is the middle layer. Choice D, alma mater, is a term referring to one's former school or college and is not related to brain anatomy. In summary, dura mater is the correct answer as it is the outermost protective membrane surrounding the brain, while the other choices refer to inner layers or are unrelated terms.
What is the relationship between dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube and patterning of the somites?
- A. The somites pattern the neural tube after they form.
- B. The neural tube plays the role of organizer in being the sole influence on patterning in the somites
- C. Sonic hedgehog from the notochord and floorplate of the neural tube confers ventral fates on both the neural tube and the somite, while BMPs confer more dorsal fates.
- D. Both the neural tube and the somites acquire their dorso-ventral patterning during gastrulation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dorso-ventral patterning of the neural tube and somites is regulated by opposing gradients of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the notochord and floorplate (ventralizing signals) and BMPs from the dorsal neural tube (dorsalizing signals). These signals coordinate the development of both structures, ensuring proper alignment and function of the nervous system and musculoskeletal system.
Priority Decision: A patient has fallen in the bathroom of the hospital room and reports pain in the upper right arm and elbow. Before splinting the injury, the nurse knows that the priority management of a possible fracture should include which action?
- A. Elevation of the arm
- B. Application of ice to the site
- C. Notification of the health care provider
- D. Neurovascular checks below the site of the injury
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurovascular checks ensure no compromise to blood supply or nerve function.