Nokea
Which lobe is most closely associated with visual processing?
- A. frontal
- B. temporal
- C. parietal
- D. occipital
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The occipital lobe is the primary area of the brain responsible for visual processing. It contains the visual cortex, which processes information from the eyes and interprets it as images. Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual impairments, such as blindness or difficulty recognizing objects. The occipital lobe works in conjunction with other brain regions to integrate visual information with other sensory inputs.
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Regarding anterior nerve roots
- A. They contain efferent fibres only
- B. All roots contain sympathetic fibres
- C. Anterior roots join with posterior roots 1cm distal to the intervertebral foramen
- D. There are 31 pairs of anterior nerve roots
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Anterior nerve roots contain efferent (motor) fibers only. They join with posterior (sensory) roots to form spinal nerves, which then exit the intervertebral foramen.
A patient with chronic osteomyelitis has been hospitalized for a surgical debridement procedure. What does the nurse explain to the patient as the rationale for the surgical treatment?
- A. Removal of the infection prevents the need for bone and skin grafting.
- B. Formation of scar tissue has led to a protected area of bacterial growth.
- C. The process of depositing new bone blocks the vascular supply to the bone.
- D. Antibiotics are not effective against microorganisms that cause chronic osteomyelitis.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Surgical debridement removes infected tissue unreachable by antibiotics.
What is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain called?
- A. pia mater
- B. arachnoid mater
- C. dura mater
- D. alma mater
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, dura mater. The dura mater is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain, providing a tough protective layer. Pia mater (A) is the innermost layer, while arachnoid mater (B) is the middle layer. Choice D, alma mater, is a term referring to one's former school or college and is not related to brain anatomy. In summary, dura mater is the correct answer as it is the outermost protective membrane surrounding the brain, while the other choices refer to inner layers or are unrelated terms.
The following are true about corneal sensation:
- A. the sensation is greatest at the apex and diminishes towards the limbus
- B. the temporal half of the cornea is more sensitive than the nasal half
- C. the Bonnet-Cochet aesthesiometer gives quantitative measure of the degree of hypoaesthesia
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Corneal sensation is greatest at the apex, the temporal half is more sensitive, and the Bonnet-Cochet aesthesiometer quantifies hypoaesthesia. All statements are true.
What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?
- A. long reflex
- B. visceral reflex
- C. somatic reflex
- D. short reflex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: short reflex. Short reflexes are reflex actions that do not involve the central nervous system (CNS) and occur entirely at the level of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These reflexes are mediated by local circuits within the enteric nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for rapid responses to stimuli without needing to involve the brain or spinal cord.
A: long reflex - This term refers to reflexes that involve the CNS and typically have a more complex pathway than short reflexes.
B: visceral reflex - This term describes reflexes involving internal organs and can involve both the CNS and PNS components.
C: somatic reflex - This term refers to reflexes involving skeletal muscles and is generally mediated by the CNS.