Nokea
The adaptive immune response:
- A. Is dependent on the innate immune response for initiation
- B. Involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses
- C. Provides cytokines that influence the response of innate cells, i.e. macrophages
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adaptive immune response relies on the initiation by the innate immune response (A), involves both humoral (antibody production) and cell-mediated (T cell activation) responses (B), and produces cytokines that can modulate the activity of innate immune cells like macrophages (C). Therefore, all of the statements are true regarding the adaptive immune response, making option D the correct choice.
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You assess a 24-year-old patient with RA who is considering using methotrexate (Rheumatrex) for treatment. Which information is most important to communicate with the physician?
- A. The patient has many concerns about the safety of the drug.
- B. The patient has been trying to get pregnant.
- C. The patient takes a daily multivitamin tablet.
- D. The patient says that she has taken methotrexate in the past.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Methotrexate is teratogenic and should not be used during pregnancy. If the patient is trying to get pregnant this is a critical consideration that must be discussed with the physician before starting the medication. The other information while important does not have the same immediate implications for treatment.
Which photosynthetic pigments are found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic photoautotrophs?
- A. chlorophyll c
- B. carotenoids
- C. phycobilins
- D. phycocyanin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carotenoids. Carotenoids are photosynthetic pigments that are found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic photoautotrophs. They play a key role in capturing light energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll c, phycobilins, and phycocyanin are not found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic photoautotrophs. Chlorophyll c is primarily found in certain algae, phycobilins are specific to cyanobacteria and red algae, and phycocyanin is a type of phycobilin found in cyanobacteria. Carotenoids are the only pigment that is universally present across all photoautotrophs.
Identify the disease in which the person's immune system no longer recognizes its own tissues or organs.
- A. Allergies
- B. Immunodeficiencies
- C. Autoimmune diseases
- D. Delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Autoimmune diseases. This is because autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues or organs. In this condition, the immune system fails to recognize self from non-self, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
A: Allergies involve an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, not attacking self-tissues.
B: Immunodeficiencies result in a weakened immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections, not attacking self-tissues.
D: Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs hours to days after exposure to an allergen, not involving the immune system attacking self-tissues.
In summary, autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system targeting the body's own tissues or organs, distinguishing them from allergies, immunodeficiencies, and delayed hypersensitivity.
A small lesion is discovered in a patient’s lung when an x-ray is performed for cervical spine pain. What is the definitive method of determining if the lesion is malignant?
- A. Lung scan
- B. Tissue biopsy
- C. Oncofetal antigens in the blood
- D. CT or positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tissue biopsy provides definitive diagnosis by examining the lesion's cellular characteristics.
During an acute inflammatory response which of the following is the first event
- A. Extravasation of neutrophils
- B. Upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules
- C. Secretion of opsonins
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules is the first event during an acute inflammatory response. This event facilitates the initial recruitment of leukocytes, including neutrophils, to the site of inflammation. Extravasation of neutrophils (choice A) occurs after adhesion molecules are upregulated. Secretion of opsonins (choice C) and phagocytosis (choice D) occur later in the inflammatory response process after the neutrophils have been recruited to the site of inflammation.