Nokea
What describes the occurrence of a type IV or delayed hypersensitivity transplant reaction?
- A. Antigen links with specific IgE antibodies bound to mast cells or basophils releasing chemical mediators
- B. Cellular lysis or phagocytosis through complement activation following antigen-antibody binding on cell surfaces
- C. Sensitized T lymphocytes attack antigens or release cytokines that attract macrophages that cause tissue damage
- D. Antigens combined with IgG and IgM too small to be removed by mononuclear phagocytic system deposit in tissue and cause fixation of complement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity involves sensitized T lymphocytes attacking antigens or releasing cytokines that recruit macrophages, causing tissue damage.
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Which cell type bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. NK cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Plasma cells
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. NK cells (A) are part of innate immunity, while plasma cells (C) produce antibodies in adaptive immunity. Mast cells (D) are involved in allergic responses, not bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
The nurse is instructing a patient with rheumatoid arthritis about a prescribed exercise program. Which information should the nurse include?
- A. Perform exercises every day, 3 to 10 times for every joint.
- B. Perform exercises even if inflammation is present.
- C. Perform exercises past the point of pain.
- D. Perform twice the number of exercises the next day if one day is missed.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a consistent exercise routine is important for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Performing exercises every day helps improve joint mobility and strength without causing excessive strain. Option B is incorrect as exercising during inflammation can worsen symptoms. Option C is incorrect as exercising past the point of pain can lead to injury. Option D is incorrect as overcompensating the following day can also lead to injury and disrupt the exercise program's consistency.
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of complement activation:
- A. Increased recruitment of inflammatory cells
- B. Opsonization of pathogens
- C. Lysis of pathogens
- D. Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased migration of dendritic cells from tissues to lymph nodes. Complement activation does not directly lead to the migration of dendritic cells. Complement activation can lead to increased recruitment of inflammatory cells (A), opsonization of pathogens (B), and lysis of pathogens (C). Dendritic cells typically migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens to T cells, but this process is not directly mediated by complement activation.
The current Influenza vaccine includes
- A. 3 type A strains
- B. A combination of one H1N1, one H5N1 and a B strain
- C. Only 2009 H1N1
- D. Only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: The current Influenza vaccine is designed to provide protection against multiple strains to increase effectiveness.
Step 2: Option B includes a combination of different strains (H1N1, H5N1, and B), covering a broader spectrum of the virus.
Step 3: Including different strains helps to address potential mutations and variations in circulating viruses.
Step 4: Option B is the most comprehensive choice compared to others, offering a more robust protection against various strains.
Summary: Option A is too limited with only 3 type A strains, while option C focuses only on 2009 H1N1 strain. Option D is also limited to only the most common seasonal H1N1 strain. Option B stands out as the correct choice for its broad coverage of different strains.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis typically have pain:
- A. With activity.
- B. Upon awakening.
- C. Late in the evening.
- D. All day without remission.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis often causes morning stiffness and pain upon awakening due to inflammation and lack of movement during sleep. Pain tends to improve with activity as joints warm up.