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The body has several mechanisms to increase the blood glucose level in case of hypoglycaemia. Question: Which of the following options best describes the role of glucagon and adrenaline in hypoglycaemia?
- A. Glucagon and adrenaline stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver
- B. Glucagon and adrenaline inhibit the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the muscles
- C. Glucagon stimulates glycogen synthase and adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
- D. Glucagon and adrenaline stimulate glycogen synthase en adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis in the muscles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypo hits glucagon and adrenaline rip glycogen apart in liver, sugar surges. No muscle block, no synthase flip straight breakdown's the play nurses watch this, a chronic rescue duo.
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Traditionally, nurses have been involved with tertiary cancer prevention. However, an increasing emphasis is being placed on both primary and secondary prevention. What would be an example of primary prevention?
- A. Yearly Pap tests
- B. Testicular self-examination
- C. Teaching patients to wear sunscreen
- D. Screening mammograms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Primary prevention stops cancer before it starts by reducing risk factors in healthy folks. Teaching sunscreen use blocks UV radiation a prime cause of skin cancer like melanoma fitting this category perfectly. Pap tests and mammograms are secondary prevention, detecting cervical and breast cancer early for treatment. Testicular self-exams also fall under secondary, aiming to catch testicular cancer sooner. The shift to primary efforts, like sun protection, reflects a proactive stance, cutting UV-induced DNA damage that kicks off carcinogenesis. Nurses pushing this can slash skin cancer rates, especially in fair-skinned populations, by fostering habits that shield against environmental triggers, unlike reactive screening or post-diagnosis care.
What is an implementation intention?
- A. The decision of an organisation to implement a specific method or intervention
- B. A concrete plan to show particular behaviour in specific situations
- C. A well-considered idea of how a person can handle a relapse or difficult situations
- D. The intention to live healthier in all important areas of life
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Implementation intention specific act, set scene, not org moves, relapse plans, or vague health kicks. Nurses cue this, a chronic action lock.
The pathophysiology of Asthma differs from COPD as:
- A. It is characterised by airflow limitation.
- B. There is abnormal inflammatory response to exposure to noxious particles or gases.
- C. The airflow limitation is reversible.
- D. It is considered an obstructive lung disease.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma and COPD both feature airflow obstruction, but their pathophysiology diverges critically. Both have limitation, but asthma's is intermittent and reversible with bronchodilators due to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation (e.g., eosinophilic), per Farrell (2017). COPD's abnormal inflammatory response to noxious stimuli (e.g., smoking) causes progressive, irreversible damage (e.g., neutrophilic, emphysema), not asthma's profile. Reversibility defines asthma spirometry normalizes post-treatment unlike COPD's fixed obstruction (FEVâ‚/FVC <0.7 persists). Both are obstructive diseases, but this isn't the distinguishing feature. Asthma's reversible limitation stems from smooth muscle spasm and mucosal edema, responsive to therapy, contrasting COPD's structural loss (alveolar destruction), making this the key differential in clinical management and prognosis.
In order to delay the progression of CKD, the single most important intervention is:
- A. Prescription of an ACE or ARB
- B. Reducing dietary sodium
- C. Increasing physical activity
- D. Achieving good blood pressure control
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: CKD's brake BP control tops ACEs, salt cuts, or workouts, slashing glomeruli strain, a chronic slowdown king. Nurses prioritize this, a pressure-driven win.
A client with a history of prostate cancer is in the clinic and reports new onset of severe low back pain. What action by the nurse is most appropriate?
- A. Assess the client's gait and balance.
- B. Ask the client about the ease of urine flow.
- C. Document the report completely.
- D. Inquire about the client's job risks.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to bones, especially the spine, causing spinal cord compression a medical emergency that can lead to paralysis if untreated. New, severe low back pain in this context suggests possible metastasis, making gait and balance assessment the most appropriate action to check for neurological deficits (e.g., weakness, unsteady gait) indicating compression. This prioritizes client safety, as falls or worsening paralysis could result without intervention. Asking about urine flow relates to prostate obstruction, less urgent here given the pain's prominence. Documentation is essential but passive without assessment. Job risks might contribute to back pain but are secondary to cancer history. Assessing gait and balance first ensures rapid escalation if needed, reflecting oncology nursing's focus on detecting metastatic complications early.