Nokea
The brain is protected by:
- A. the meninges.
- B. a cushion of fluid.
- C. the bony skull.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brain is protected by multiple layers of defense, including the meninges (protective membranes), cerebrospinal fluid (a cushioning fluid), and the bony skull. The meninges consist of three layersâ€â€dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia materâ€â€that provide structural support and protection. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a shock absorber. The skull provides a rigid barrier against physical injury. Together, these structures safeguard the brain from damage.
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The Bell's phenomenon:
- A. occurs during normal blinking
- B. if absent suggests brain stem disease
- C. is absent in Bell's palsy
- D. is reduced or absent in patients with thyroid orbitopathy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Bell's phenomenon, an upward and outward eye movement during eyelid closure, is reduced or absent in thyroid orbitopathy due to restricted eye movements. It is not typically absent in Bell's palsy or brain stem disease.
When caring for the patient with CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) associated with scleroderma, what should the nurse teach the patient to do?
- A. Maintain a fluid intake of at least 3000 mL/day.
- B. Avoid exposure to the sun or other ultraviolet light.
- C. Monitor and keep a log of daily blood pressure (BP).
- D. Protect the hands and feet from cold exposure and injury.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cold protection prevents Raynaud's episodes.
The nervous system is divided into the ___________.
- A. brain and spinal cord
- B. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
- C. PNS & CNS
- D. autonomic and somatic nervous systems
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nervous system is broadly divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which includes all neural tissue outside the CNS. This division is fundamental to understanding the organization and function of the nervous system.
Dilatation of the peripheral arterial blood vessels can be caused by:
- A. thromboxane A2
- B. adenosine diphosphate
- C. endothelin
- D. prostaglandins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prostaglandins, particularly prostacyclin (PGI2), are potent vasodilators. Thromboxane A2, adenosine diphosphate, and endothelin are vasoconstrictors and do not cause peripheral arterial dilatation.
A nurse is taking care of a client with ptosis (drooping) of the eyelids, difficulty chewing and swallowing, diplopia, voice weakness, masklike facial expression, and weakness of the extremities. Which of the following conditions does the nurse suspect?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Extrapyramidal disorder
- C. Multiple sclerosis
- D. Myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis presents with these symptoms, particularly muscle weakness.