Nokea
The nurse is reviewing the results of a patient's diagnostic tests which show changes in nerve insulation. What structure should the nurse explain to the patient that electrically insulates neurons?
- A. Astrocytes
- B. Gray matter
- C. Interneurons
- D. Myelin sheath
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The myelin sheath is a phospholipid layer that electrically insulates neurons, allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses. Astrocytes are a type of neuroglial cell, gray matter contains cell bodies, and interneurons facilitate communication within the central nervous system. The myelin sheath's role in nerve function is critical for understanding neurological disorders.
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Which of the following is the causative agent of East African trypanosomiasis?
- A. Trypanosoma cruzi
- B. Trypanosoma vivax
- C. Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese
- D. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese. East African trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma brucei, specifically the subspecies Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese. This parasite is transmitted by tsetse flies and infects humans, causing sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma cruzi (Choice A) causes Chagas disease, not East African trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma vivax (Choice B) causes a different form of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Choice D) is responsible for West African trypanosomiasis, not the East African form. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
The brain is protected by:
- A. the meninges.
- B. a cushion of fluid.
- C. the bony skull.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brain is protected by multiple layers of defense, including the meninges (protective membranes), cerebrospinal fluid (a cushioning fluid), and the bony skull. The meninges consist of three layersâ€â€dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia materâ€â€that provide structural support and protection. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, acting as a shock absorber. The skull provides a rigid barrier against physical injury. Together, these structures safeguard the brain from damage.
Priority Decision: A patient is admitted to the emergency department with a possible cervical spinal cord injury following an automobile crash. During admission of the patient, what is the highest priority for the nurse?
- A. Maintaining a patent airway
- B. Maintaining immobilization of the cervical spine
- C. Assessing the patient for head and other injuries
- D. Assessing the patient's motor and sensory function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Immobilization prevents further injury.
How many distinct types of multiple sclerosis (MS) are there?
- A. 6
- B. 5
- C. 4
- D. 3
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is classified into four main types: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), primary-progressive MS (PPMS), and progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS). Each type has distinct patterns of disease progression and symptom presentation.
What is a nursing intervention that is indicated for the patient with hemiplegia?
- A. The use of a footboard to prevent plantar flexion
- B. Immobilization of the affected arm against the chest with a sling
- C. Positioning the patient in bed with each joint lower than the joint proximal to it
- D. Having the patient perform passive range of motion (ROM) of the affected limb with the unaffected limb
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Using a footboard helps prevent contractures and deformities in patients with hemiplegia