Nokea
The branch of pharmacology that addresses drug amounts at various sites in the body after drug administration is called:
- A. pharmacodynamics
- B. pharmacokinetics
- C. pharmacotherapeutics
- D. pharmacy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug movement in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It focuses on how the body processes a drug over time. Pharmacodynamics (A) is the study of the effects drugs have on the body. Pharmacotherapeutics (C) involves using drugs to treat diseases. Pharmacy (D) is the practice of preparing and dispensing medications. Pharmacokinetics specifically deals with drug concentrations at different body sites after administration, making it the most appropriate choice for this question.
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Which of the following bacteria is associated with causing bacterial meningitis?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Haemophilus influenzae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are all bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis commonly causes meningococcal meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae can cause H. influenzae type b meningitis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumococcal meningitis. Therefore, all three bacteria are known to be causative agents of bacterial meningitis. The other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with causing bacterial meningitis.
Cultural characteristics of bacteria are:
- A. The capability of different bacterial species to be isolated in a pure culture
- B. The capability of bacteria to metabolize organic substrates to acids and urea
- C. Bacterial growth in liquid and solid agars
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because cultural characteristics of bacteria refer to their growth patterns on different culture media, including liquid and solid agars. Bacteria exhibit unique growth patterns that can be observed and studied on these media. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to isolation techniques, not cultural characteristics. Choice B is incorrect as it describes metabolic activities, not cultural characteristics. Choice D is incorrect as it dismisses the essential aspect of bacterial growth on culture media.
Which structure in bacteria allows them to exchange genetic material during conjugation?
- A. Pili
- B. Flagella
- C. Capsule
- D. Ribosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pili in bacteria are responsible for conjugation, allowing the transfer of genetic material between cells. They form a bridge between donor and recipient cells, facilitating the exchange of DNA. Flagella are for movement, capsules for protection, and ribosomes for protein synthesis. Pili is the only structure directly involved in genetic material exchange.
After starting treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis a patient complained about red tears and urine. What drug could cause such changes?
- A. Rifampicin
- B. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt
- C. Benzylpenicillin potassium salt
- D. Biseptol-480
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rifampicin. Rifampicin is known to cause red discoloration of bodily fluids, including tears and urine, due to its side effect of harmless color changes. Benzylpenicillins (B and C) and Biseptol-480 do not typically cause such discoloration. Rifampicin's mechanism of action involves binding to bacterial RNA polymerase, leading to inhibition of RNA synthesis, which is unrelated to the mechanism of the other drugs. Thus, based on the unique side effect profile of Rifampicin and its mechanism of action, it is the most likely drug causing red tears and urine in this scenario.
Which statement about the fungal mycelium is correct:
- A. It consists of intertwined hyphae
- B. Part of the mycelium goes in the medium and forms the substrate mycelium
- C. Part of the mycelium stays above the medium and forms the aerial mycelium
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
- A: The mycelium is indeed made up of intertwined hyphae, which are the branching filaments of fungi.
- B: Part of the mycelium does grow into the medium to acquire nutrients, forming the substrate mycelium.
- C: Some parts of the mycelium remain above the medium to aid in reproduction and spore dispersal, forming the aerial mycelium.
Therefore, all statements (A, B, and C) are correct, making choice D the correct answer. The mycelium exhibits both intertwined hyphae, substrate mycelium, and aerial mycelium to facilitate different functions.