Nokea
The denominator to calculate literacy rate is
- A. Population above 14 years
- B. Total population
- C. Population above 7 years of age
- D. Population above 10 years of age
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Literacy rate is calculated using the population above 7 years of age, as this is the standard age group considered for educational attainment.
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Surgeons at hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a 1-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At hospital B, the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of 8% after the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at hospital B had vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounding factors would you examine?
- A. The severity(stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline.
- B. The start of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals(after operation versus after discharge).
- C. Differences in postoperative care at the two hospitals.
- D. Equality of follow-up for mortality.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed factors (a-d) could contribute to differences in mortality rates, making 'all of the above' the most comprehensive answer. Since we shift 'E' options to 'D', D is correct.
Which antibody is at the higher concentration at colostrums?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgA is the predominant antibody found in colostrum, providing passive immunity to newborns.
Nature of common sources epidemic
- A. explosive
- B. slow
- C. static
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Common-source epidemics tend to have explosive patterns with sharp increases in cases.
Describe the significance for epidemiology of the identification of specific agents of disease.
- A. It allows for targeted treatments.
- B. It proves that all diseases are infectious.
- C. It eliminates the need for surveillance.
- D. It focuses solely on chronic diseases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Identifying specific agents enables effective prevention, control, and treatment strategies.
Randomization is done in experimental study:
- A. to eliminate selection bias.
- B. to select control
- C. to eliminate confounding bias
- D. all of above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Randomization helps to eliminate selection and confounding biases while selecting controls.