Nokea
The dynamic balance of the species in the normal microflora is known as
- A. dysbiosis
- B. eukaryota
- C. dispersion
- D. eubiosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: eubiosis. Eubiosis refers to a state of balance and harmony among the species in the normal microflora. This term signifies a healthy and stable microbial community. Dysbiosis (A) is the opposite, indicating an imbalance or disruption in the microflora. Eukaryota (B) refers to organisms with cells containing a nucleus, not specifically related to the balance of microflora. Dispersion (C) refers to the spreading or distribution of microorganisms, not specifically related to their balance. In summary, eubiosis best describes the dynamic balance of species in the normal microflora, making it the correct choice.
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Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria responsible for causing tuberculosis. This bacterium has unique cell wall components that make it resistant to the body's immune defenses, allowing it to survive and multiply within the host. Streptococcus pyogenes (Choice A), Escherichia coli (Choice C), and Bacillus anthracis (Choice D) are not associated with tuberculosis. Streptococcus pyogenes is known for causing strep throat and skin infections, Escherichia coli is commonly involved in gastrointestinal infections, and Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax.
Microscopic analysis of a smear stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method revealed bright red bacilli. What microorganism is being tested for?
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is specific for acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bright red bacilli seen in the smear indicate the presence of acid-fast organisms, which is characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium tetani, and Escherichia coli are not acid-fast bacteria and would not be stained red using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the function of bacterial ribosomes?
- A. DNA replication
- B. Protein synthesis
- C. Energy production
- D. Cell division
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Protein synthesis. Bacterial ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic information from mRNA into proteins. This process involves the binding of transfer RNA molecules carrying amino acids to the ribosome and the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids to create proteins. DNA replication (A) is carried out by DNA polymerase enzymes, not ribosomes. Energy production (C) is primarily the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and cell division (D) is regulated by a complex network of proteins and signaling pathways, not ribosomes.
Cause of genital warts is:
- A. Human papillomavirus
- B. Human immunodeficiency virus
- C. Herpes simplex virus 2
- D. Human cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Human papillomavirus. Genital warts are caused by certain strains of HPV, specifically types 6 and 11. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is directly linked to the development of genital warts through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Herpes simplex virus 2 causes genital herpes, not genital warts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause genital warts. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is not a common cause of genital warts. Therefore, HPV is the correct and most logical choice for the cause of genital warts.
Which of the following diseases is transmitted via aerosols?
- A. Psittacosis
- B. Shigellosis
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Giardiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Psittacosis. This disease is transmitted via aerosols containing dried bird droppings or respiratory secretions from infected birds. When these aerosols are inhaled, the bacteria causing psittacosis enter the respiratory system and infect the individual.
- B: Shigellosis is transmitted through contaminated food or water, not via aerosols.
- C: Leptospirosis is transmitted through contact with water, soil, or food contaminated with the urine of infected animals, not via aerosols.
- D: Giardiasis is transmitted through ingesting contaminated food or water, not via aerosols.
Therefore, Psittacosis is the only disease in the list that is transmitted via aerosols, making it the correct answer.