Nokea
The earliest event of an inflammatory response is
- A. Release of chemokines
- B. Recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Activation of adaptive immunity
- D. Activation of TLRs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Activation of TLRs. The earliest event in an inflammatory response is the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This triggers a signaling cascade leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which then recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Activation of adaptive immunity (choice C) occurs later in the immune response, as it involves the activation of T and B cells. While chemokines (choice A) are involved in recruiting immune cells, their release is a consequence of TLR activation. Neutrophils (choice B) are recruited after the release of chemokines.
You may also like to solve these questions
The site where B cells mature is
- A. Lymph nodes (LN)
- B. Spleen
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bone marrow. B cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow, where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This is where they acquire their antigen receptors and differentiate into mature B cells. Lymph nodes (A) are primarily responsible for filtering lymph and containing immune cells. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and storing immune cells. The thymus (D) is where T cells mature, not B cells. Therefore, the correct site for B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
Which of the following is a feature of antigen recognition by B cells?
- A. Their antigen receptors are never secreted
- B. Their antigen receptors recognize a fragment of protein in combination with an MHC molecule
- C. Their receptors each have two identical antigen binding sites
- D. They recognize pattern associated molecular structures (PAMPs) that are unique to a particular pathogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because B cell receptors, known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins with two identical antigen-binding sites. This feature allows B cells to bind to specific antigens with high specificity. Each B cell receptor can bind to a unique antigen, leading to the initiation of an immune response.
Choice A is incorrect because B cell receptors can be secreted as antibodies to target antigens outside the cell.
Choice B is incorrect because B cell receptors recognize antigens directly, not in combination with MHC molecules.
Choice D is incorrect because B cells primarily recognize specific antigens rather than general PAMPs associated with pathogens.
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A. Activation of receptors such as TLRs often precedes inflammasome formation
- B. Extracellular ATP triggers inflammasome formation
- C. Some environmental triggers, such as asbestos, can induce inflammasome formation
- D. NLRP3 is found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because NLRP3 is not found in complex with pro-caspase 1 in resting, non-activated cells. Inflammasome formation requires assembly of NLRP3 with ASC and pro-caspase 1. Choices A, B, and C are correct statements because activation of receptors like TLRs can trigger inflammasome formation, extracellular ATP can induce inflammasome formation, and environmental triggers such as asbestos can also lead to inflammasome activation.
Which of the following sentences concerned with lymph node structure is incorrect?
- A. naïve B lymphocytes are found in the cortex
- B. naïve T lymphocytes are found in the paracortex
- C. naïve lymphocytes enter the lymph node through the efferent lymphatic vessel
- D. Antigens can enter the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is incorrect because naïve lymphocytes actually enter the lymph node through the afferent lymphatic vessel, not the efferent. A carries lymphocytes into the lymph node, and D is true since antigens enter through afferent vessels. B is correct, as naïve T cells are found in the paracortex.
Which of the following is the main reason why older clients with AIDS need more care than their younger counterparts?
- A. Because older clients lack in balanced diet and activity
- B. Because older clients lack knowledge about disorders
- C. Because older clients have a faster progression of disease
- D. Because older clients do not generally adhere to a therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Older clients with AIDS often experience a faster progression of the disease due to age-related declines in immune function.