Nokea
The endocrine system and the _____ system are both intimately involved in maintaining homeostasis.
- A. cardiovascular
- B. digestive
- C. nervous
- D. respiratory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: nervous. The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to regulate various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system releases hormones that control metabolism, growth, and reproduction, while the nervous system sends electrical signals to coordinate body movements and responses. Both systems communicate and coordinate with each other to ensure the body functions properly. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because although they are important systems in the body, they do not play as direct a role in maintaining homeostasis as the nervous system does.
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Which of the following is not under the direct control of the pituitary gland?
- A. Adrenal cortical secretion of glucocorticoid
- B. Parathyroid secretion of PTH
- C. Thyroid gland secretion of T3 and T4
- D. Ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The pituitary gland does not directly control the parathyroid gland secretion of PTH. The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, such as adrenal cortex (A), thyroid gland (C), and ovaries (D). In contrast, the parathyroid gland is primarily regulated by the calcium levels in the blood, not directly by the pituitary gland. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all glands whose secretions are directly controlled by the pituitary gland.
Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- C. Parathyroid hormone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary and plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body.
Which of the following glands can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Thymus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) into the small intestine to aid in digestion, and it also releases hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine function) into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.
Rationale:
1. The thyroid gland (choice A) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.
2. The thymus gland (choice B) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in immune function, producing hormones that regulate T cell development.
3. The pituitary gland (choice D) is known as the master gland and is purely endocrine, controlling various hormonal functions in the body.
In summary, the pancreas uniquely exhibits both endocrine and exocrine functions, making it the correct choice.
A patient presents with a bump on his neck. Upon taking a tissue sample, there appears to be parafollicular cells. The tumor is also associated with MEN II, although most of the time it is sporadic. What is the best way to moniter treatment?
- A. Measure Thyroid Hormone Levels
- B. Measure Iodine Levels
- C. Measure Tsh Levels
- D. Measure Calcitonin Levels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: The parafollicular cells in the tissue sample indicate a tumor of the thyroid gland, likely medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II (MEN II). MTC primarily secretes calcitonin. Monitoring Calcitonin levels is crucial for assessing disease progression and treatment response in MTC. Measuring Thyroid Hormone Levels (A) would not be specific for MTC. Iodine Levels (B) are not relevant in this context. TSH Levels (C) reflect pituitary feedback and are not specific to MTC. Therefore, the best way to monitor treatment in this case is to measure Calcitonin Levels (D).
Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease are all:
- A. thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
- B. thyroid hormone disorders caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
- C. calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin.
- D. disorders of thyroid gland function.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves' disease are all related to thyroid gland function.
Step 2: Cretinism is a congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema is adult hypothyroidism, and Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism.
Step 3: Thus, they are all disorders of thyroid gland function.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because they are not all thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
- Choice B is incorrect because they are not all caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
- Choice C is incorrect because they are not primarily related to calcium imbalances due to lack of calcitonin.