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The limbic system includes the:
- A. amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
- B. hypothalamus, medulla, hippocampus
- C. hippocampus, pons, thalamus
- D. cerebellum, pons, hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The limbic system is a group of brain structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation. It includes the amygdala, which processes fear and emotional responses; the hypothalamus, which regulates hormones and homeostasis; and the hippocampus, which is essential for forming and retrieving memories. These structures work together to integrate emotional and cognitive processes, playing a key role in behavior and survival.
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A patient diagnosed with depersonalization disorder tells the nurse, It's starting again. I feel as though I'm going to float away. The nurse should help the patient by:
- A. encouraging meditation.
- B. administering an anxiolytic medication.
- C. helping the patient visualize a pleasant scene.
- D. helping the patient focus on the here and now.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: helping the patient focus on the here and now. This is appropriate for depersonalization disorder as it helps the patient ground themselves in reality and reduce dissociative symptoms. Encouraging meditation (A) may exacerbate dissociation by further disconnecting the patient from reality. Administering an anxiolytic medication (B) may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying issue. Helping the patient visualize a pleasant scene (C) may be soothing but may not be effective in addressing the dissociative symptoms.
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. Which disease or disorder results when the neurons in the brain that produce dopamine die?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Lou Gehrig disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- C. Parkinson disease
- D. Seizure disorder
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Parkinson disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity. Multiple sclerosis and ALS involve different neurological mechanisms, while seizure disorders are related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Dopamine's role in motor control is critical to understanding Parkinson disease.
A client with multiple sclerosis is observed transferring from the bed to a motorized wheelchair and applying splints to the lower extremities before entering the bathroom to perform morning self-care. What could the nurse conclude regarding this observation?
- A. The client uses assistive devices to optimize autonomy.
- B. The client needs instruction to conduct morning care before applying splints to lower extremities.
- C. The client is dependent upon assistive devices.
- D. The client is reliant upon assistive devices for independent.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The client's use of assistive devices demonstrates their ability to maintain independence and adapt to their physical limitations.
Regarding the cutaneous nerve supply to arm and forearm
- A. C3/4 supply pectoral and upper shoulder
- B. Branches of the brachial plexus supply arm and forearm
- C. C4/5/6/T1 supply the majority of the arm
- D. ?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The brachial plexus, formed from C5-T1, supplies the cutaneous innervation of the arm and forearm. Specific branches include the median, ulnar, and radial nerves.
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the:
- A. cerebrum
- B. hypothalamus
- C. cerebellum
- D. thalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance. Damage to the cerebellum results in loss of muscle coordination. The cerebrum, hypothalamus, thalamus, and midbrain have different functions. Thus, C is the correct answer.