Nokea
The male gonads develop in the _______________ before descending down into the scrotum
- A. Pelvic cavity
- B. Peritoneal cavity
- C. Abdominal cavity
- D. Cul- d
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Abdominal cavity. During embryonic development, the male gonads (testes) initially form in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys. They then descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. The pelvic cavity (choice A) is below the abdominal cavity, the peritoneal cavity (choice B) is a part of the abdominal cavity, and the cul-de-sac (choice D) is a pouch in the pelvic cavity. The key point is understanding the anatomical path of descent of the male gonads from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum.
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Spasm of sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck causes:
- A. Talipes equinovarus
- B. Torticollis
- C. Cleft lip
- D. Kyphosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Torticollis. Spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck causes the head to tilt to one side and the chin to rotate to the opposite side, leading to a condition known as torticollis. Talipes equinovarus (A) is a foot deformity, cleft lip (C) is a congenital facial anomaly, and kyphosis (D) is an abnormal curvature of the spine. These conditions are not directly related to the spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck.
During pregnancy, the uterine smooth muscle is quiescent. During the 9th month of gestation the uterine muscle becomes progressively more excitable. What factors contribute to the increase in excitability?
- A. Placental estrogen synthesis rises to high rates
- B. Progesterone synthesis by the placenta decreases
- C. Uterine blood flow reaches its highest rate
- D. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis by the placenta decreases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Progesterone synthesis by the placenta decreases. Progesterone maintains uterine quiescence during pregnancy by inhibiting uterine contractions. As progesterone levels decline towards the end of pregnancy, the uterine muscle becomes more excitable. Placental estrogen synthesis (Choice A) does not directly affect uterine excitability. Uterine blood flow (Choice C) is not a direct factor in uterine muscle excitability. Prostaglandin E2 (Choice D) actually increases towards the end of pregnancy, contributing to uterine contractions rather than decreasing excitability.
A 79-year-old client who has just returned to the surgical unit following a TURP complains of acute abdominal pain caused by bladder spasms. All of these orders are listed on the client's chart. In what order will you accomplish these actions?
- A. Administer acetaminophen/oxycodone 325 mg/5 mg (Percocet) 2 tablets.
- B. Irrigate retention catheter with 30-50 mL of sterile normal saline.
- C. Infuse 500 mL of 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution over 2 hours.
- D. Encourage client's oral fluid intake to at least 2500-3000 mL daily.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Irrigating the catheter addresses the potential blockage causing the spasms.
Two inner folds, or ___________ minora, cover and protect the vaginal opening
- A. uterus
- B. fallopian tubes
- C. labia
- D. vagina
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: labia. The labia minora are two inner folds that cover and protect the vaginal opening. This is because the labia minora are part of the external female genitalia and specifically designed to provide protection to the vaginal opening.
A: Uterus - Incorrect. The uterus is a separate organ and is not involved in covering or protecting the vaginal opening.
B: Fallopian tubes - Incorrect. The fallopian tubes are part of the reproductive system but are not located near the vaginal opening or involved in its protection.
D: Vagina - Incorrect. While the vagina is connected to the vaginal opening, it is not the structure that directly covers and protects it.
The spermatozoon contains:
- A. 11 pairs of somatic chromosomes;
- B. one sexual chromosome;
- C. the X sex chromosome;
- D. the Y sex chromosome;
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the spermatozoon contains the Y sex chromosome, determining male characteristics. Sperm cells are haploid and carry only one set of chromosomes, including either an X or Y sex chromosome. The presence of the Y chromosome leads to the development of male offspring. Choice A is incorrect as sperm cells do not contain somatic chromosomes. Choice B is incorrect as sperm cells contain one pair of sex chromosomes, not just one. Choice C is incorrect because sperm cells can carry either the X or Y sex chromosome, not specifically the X chromosome.